Osh State University

International Medical Faculty

CHEMISTRY
SELF-WORK
TOPIC-Solubility of Gases in Liquids

SUBMITTED TO – TANGATAROVA SALAMAT

SUBMITTED BY – ARYAN KUMAR SINGH
GROUP – INL-12(B)-22
INTRODUCTION:
When two or more two embryos develop from a single fertilized egg,
then this phenomenon is known as Polyembryony. In the case of
humans, it results in forming two identical twins. This phenomenon is
found both in plants and animals. The best example of Polyembryony
in the animal kingdom is the nine-banded armadillo. It is a medium-
sized mammal found in certain parts of America and this wild species
gives birth to identical quadruplets.
The production of two or more two embryos from a single seed or
fertilized egg is termed as Polyembryony. In plants, this phenomenon
is caused either due to the fertilization of one or more than one
embryonic sac or due to the origination of embryos outside of the
embryonic sac. This natural phenomenon was first discovered in the
year 1719 by  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in Citrus plant seeds.
Solubility of Gas in Liquid:
Almost all gases are soluble in water, though to different extents. The existence
of aquatic life in lakes, rivers, seas, etc., is due to the dissolution of oxygen gas in
the water. Some gases are also soluble in solvents like ethyl alcohol, benzene,
etc.
The solubility of any gas in a particular liquid is the volume of the gas
in cccc (converted to STPSTP) that can dissolve in unit volume (1cc)(1cc) of the
liquid to form the saturated solution at the temperature of the experiment and
under a pressure of 11 atmosphere.
This method of expressing the concentration is called the absorption coefficient
of the gas and is usually represented by α.
Solubility of a gas in a liquid at a particular temperature is also expressed in
terms of molarity (mole of the gas dissolved per litre of the solvent to form the
saturated solution, i.e. in terms of molL–1) or in terms of mole fraction (XA) of
the gas.
Effect of Temperature:
The solubility of gases in liquids decreases with an
increase in temperature. It is expected that some gas is
usually expelled out of the solution on heating the gas
solution. The same result also follows alternately as
under:
The dissolution of a gas in a liquid is an exothermic
process, i.e. it is accompanied by the evolution of heat.
Thus,

Gas+solvent↔solution+heatGas+solvent↔solution+
heat

Applying Le Chatelier’s principle, the increasing

temperature would shift the equilibrium in the
backward direction, i.e. and the solubility would
decrease.
Though oxygen gas is more soluble than nitrogen gas
at any temperature, the solubility of both the gases
decreases with an increase in temperature, as
represented in the figure..
Effect of Pressure:
It is the most important factor influencing the solubility of a gas in a liquid at a particular temperature. A little thought
reveals that as we compress the gas over the liquid (i.e., we increase the pressure), the solubility will increase. This may
be explained as follows:
For the solution of a gas in a liquid, consider a system as shown in figure (a):
The lower part is the solution, and the upper part is gaseous at a pressure p,p, and temperature T.T. Suppose a system is
in dynamic equilibrium, i.e. rate of gaseous particles entering and leaving the solution as the same, which means that
rate of dissolution == rate of evaporation. Now, increase the pressure over the system, as shown in figure (b). The gas
gets compressed to a smaller volume.
Hence, the number of gaseous particles per unit volume increases. As a result, the number of gaseous particles striking
the solution’s surface and entering into it also increases until a new equilibrium is re-established. Thus, the solubility of
gas in liquid increases with increasing the pressure above the solution.
A quantitative relation between pressure and solubility of a gas in a solvent was given by Henry (1803).(1803). This
relationship is known as Henry’s law.
Henry’s Law:

Henry’s law can be expressed as follows:

At constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly
proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. Thus, dolubility α� partial
pressure of the gas.
Dalton, a contemporary of Henry, also found independently that the
solubility of a gas in a liquid solution is a function of the partial pressure of
the gas. If the solubility of a gas in a solvent is expressed in terms of the
mole fraction of the gas in the solution, Henry’s law can also be expressed
as follows:
The mole fraction of a gas in its solution in a solvent is directly proportional
to the partial pressure of the gas over the solution.
Henry’s Law Equation:
The most commonly used form of Henry’s law is as follows:
The partial pressure of the gas in the vapour phase is directly proportional to
the mole fraction of the gas in the solution.
If xx is the mole fraction of a gas in the solution and pp is its partial pressure in
the vapour phase, we have, according to Henry’s law,
P=KH.XP=KH.X
Where, KHKH is a constant known as Henry’s law constant. KHKH is a function
of the nature of the gas because different gases possess different values
of KH.KH. 
From the above equation, it is clear that given pressure, the solubility of a gas is
inversely proportional to the wall value of KH.KH. At a given pressure, the
higher the value of KH,KH, lower is the solubility of the gas. KHKH values for
some common gases has given below.
Applications of Henry’s Law:
Some of the important applications of Henry’s law are as follows.
Since the solubility of a gas in water increases with pressure, soft drink bottles are sealed
under high pressure to accommodate more carbon dioxide in the soft drink.
If deep-sea divers (scuba divers) use air for respiration, they develop a medical condition
known as bends which involve the blocking of capillaries. It is because air is mainly a mixture
of oxygen and nitrogen. According to Henry’s law, the solubility of gases increases with an
increase in pressure. When the diver breathes air under high pressure in the water, nitrogen
dissolves in his blood. When the diver comes towards the surface, the pressure gradually
decreases. It releases dissolved gases and leads to the formation of bubbles in the blood. It
is quite painful and dangerous to live. To avoid bends and toxic effects of dissolved nitrogen
in the blood, the tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with
helium (11.7%He+56.2%N2+32.1%O2).(11.7%He+56.2%N2+32.1%O2).
The pressure of oxygen in the air decreases in going up the mountains. At very high
altitudes, the partial pressure of oxygen in the air is much less than that at the ground level.
Therefore, people living at higher altitudes or climbers have low oxygen concentrations in
the blood and tissues. It leads to weakness and loss of clarity of thinking. These symptoms
create a condition known as anoxia.
Henry’s law explains the supply of inhaled oxygen to tissues. When air is inhaled, it
combines with the haemoglobin of the blood in the lungs to form oxyhaemoglobin because,
in the lungs, the partial pressure of oxygen is high. The partial pressure of oxygen is low in
tissues. Hence, oxygen is released from oxyhaemoglobin and is utilised by the cells.
Limitations of Henry’s Law:
Following are the limitations of Henry’s law.

1. Henry’s law applies to ideal gases only. However, the law can be applied to real
gases at low pressure when the real gases approach the behaviour of ideal
gases.
2. This law does not apply to those gases which undergo a chemical change in the
solution. For example, the law cannot be applied to ammonia which reacts
with water to form NH4OH.NH4OH.
3. The law cannot be applied to those gases which dissociate into ions in solution.
For example, it cannot be applied to hydrogen chloride gas which dissociates
into H+H+ and Cl–Cl– in solution.