Past Modals of Probability.

When to use them?

We can use modal verbs when we want to
make a guess about something. We choose
the verb depending on how sure we are.

They express varying degrees of certainty.

Form
Will have + past participle
Must have + past participle
May / may not have + past participle
Might / might not have + past participle
Could / couldn’t have + past participle
Can’t have + past participle
Will / won’t + have + Past participle
• Used for past certainty, when you are very sure
something happened.

Example:
John has come back from his lunch break with wet hair.
Oh, he’ll have been to the swimming pool.
 Should + have + Past Participle
• Can express advice or criticism about a past event.
Expresses what is contrary to the facts.

Example:

You shouldn’t have told him he was stupid!

 Could / couldn’t + have + Past
Participle.
• When someone could do something in the past, but can’t
do it anymore in the present.
I could have been a professional tennis player!

• Express a past possibility that didn’t happen.

Are you crazy? You could’ve killed yourself!

• To criticize people for not doing things.

You could have told me they broke up!
 Needn’t have + Past Participle.
• When an action was done but it wasn’t necessary.

You needn’t have brought the umbrellas, it is very

sunny!
https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/could-have-shoul
d-have-would-have-exercise-1.html

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