DVCPRO FORMAT

DVCPRO Technologies
 FEATURS OF DVCPRO25
 1/5 Compression (video)
 Digital High Quality Dubbing
 Compact Size, High Quality Picture
 Easy Connecting with Digital Equipment
 Possible to playback DV (with cassette adapter)
 ATF (Automatic Track Finding) Servo
 2 times track width from DV
 CTL and CUE tracks are added
 MP (Metal Particle) tape is used
 NEW FEATURS OF
DVCPRO50
 1/3.3 Compression (video)
 4:2:2 Digital High Quality Recording (50M)
 Playback compatibility with DVCPRO (25M)
 Switchable 525i / 625i (PAL / NTSC)
 4-channel high-sound-quality digital audio
 Extended frame (+7.5 lines:NTSC)
(+9 lines: PAL)
 BASIC SPECIFICATION
ITEM DV DVCPRO
Recording Rotary Head Azimuth Recording SAME
Cassette size DV Cassette, Mini-DV Cassette L CAS, M CAS, Mini-DV CAS (P.B ONLY)
Recording time 4h 30min. (DV), 1h (mini-DV) 123min. (L CAS), 63min. (M CAS), 1h (Mini-DV)
Tape width 6.35mm SAME
Tape Material ME (Metal Evaporated) Tape MP (Metal Particle) Tape
Tape speed 18.812mm/s 33.8 mm/s
Track pitch 10m 18m
CTL track None YES
Sampling frequency Y: 13.5MHz 8bit SAME
R-Y, B-Y: 6.75MHz 8bit
Sampling: 3.376MHz
Video compression Intra Frame DCT, VLC SAME
Video Data Rate 24.948Mbit/s SAME
Audio data 2CH:48KHz, 44.1KHz, 32KHz 16bit 2CH: 48KHz 16bit
4CH: 32KHz 12bit 4CH: 32KHz 12bit (DV PB only)
Cue track None YES
Coding 24-25 Modulation SAME
Scrambled Interleaved NRZI
 BASIC SPECIFICATION
ITEM DVCPRO DVCPRO50
Recording Rotary Head Azimuth Recording SAME
Cassette size L CAS, M CAS, Mini-DV CAS (P.B ONLY) L CAS (TE), L CAS, M CAS
Recording time 126min. (L CAS), 66min. (M CAS), 93min. (L CAS (TE)),
60min. (Mini-DV) 63min. ( L CAS), 63min. (M CAS)
Head Rotation Speed 9,000 r.p.m. 9,000 r.rp.m. , 4,500 r.p.m. (25M mode
Data Recording Speed 41.85Mbits/s 41.85×2 Mbits/s
Tape width 6.35mm SAME
Tape Material MP (Metal Evaporated) Tape SAME
Tape speed 33.820 mm/s (525) 67.640 mm/s (525)
33.854 mm/s (625) 67.708 mm/s (625)
Track pitch 18m 18m
CTL track YES YES
Sampling frequency Y: 13.5MHz 8bit Y: 13.5MHz 8bit
R-Y, B-Y: 6.75MHz 8bit R-Y, B-Y: 6.75MHz 8bit
Sampling: 3.376MHz Sampling: 6.75MHz
Video compression Intra Frame DCT, VLC SAME
Video Data Rate 24.948Mbit/s 49.846Mbit/s
Audio data 2CH: 48KHz 16bit 4CH: 48KHz 16bit
4CH: 32KHz 12bit (DV PB only) 2CH: 48KHz 16bit (25M mode)
Cue track YES YES
Cording 24-25 Modulation SAME
Scrambled Interleaved NRZI
 Format Comparison Table
4:2:2 Component 4:2:2 Component 4:1:1 Component 4:2:0 Component
Video Coding 13.5/10bit, 18/8bit 13.5/8bit 13.5/8bit 13.5/8bit
None, full bit 3.3:1 Intra frame 5:1 Intra frame 5:1 Intra frame
Compression recording DVC DCT DVC DCT DVC DCT
Error
Correction Reed-Solomon Reed-Solomon Reed-Solomon Reed-Solomon
Video 233.472 Mb/s 18MHz
Data Rate 218.38 Mb/s 13.5MHz 49.906Mb/s 24.948Mb/s 24.948Mb/s
Cylinder 76mm ø 6000 RPM 21mm ø 9000 RPM 21mm ø 9000 RPM 21mm ø 9000 RPM
Number of 8 x REC, 8 x PB, 4 x REC, 4 x PB, 2 x REC, 2 x PB, 2 x REC, 2 x PB,
Heads 2 x Flying Erase 4 x Flying Erase 2 x Flying Erase (2 x Flying Erase)
Tape Speed 167.228 mm/sec 625 67.708 mm/sec 625 33.854 mm/sec 625 18.831 mm/sec 625
67.640 mm/sec 525 33.813 mm/sec 525 18.812 mm/sec 525
Tape Width 12.65mm MP 6.35mm MP 6.35mm MP 6.35mm ME
Tape 8.8um
Thickness 11 and 14um 6.5um (AJ-5P92LP) 8.8um 7um
DVCPRO/DVCPRO 50 Tape
Type Tape Length Recording Time (min)

AJ-P12MP 27m 12 6
AJ-P24MP 51m 24 12
AJ-P33MP 70m 33 16.5
AJ-P46MP 96m 46 23
AJ-P66MP 137m 66 33
AJ-P34LP 72m 34 17
AJ-P66LP 137m 66 33
AJ-P94LP 194m 94 47
AJ-P126LP 259m 126 63

Model No. Tape Length Recording Time (min)

AJ-5P92LP 377m 92
 CASSETTE TAPE

L Cassette L Cassette M Cassette DV Cassette w/

(Time Extended DV Adapter
(Thin) Tape)

25M Mod
e 184 min. 126 min. 66 min.
Impossible
to use for
50M Mod AJ-D950
e 92 min. 63 min. 33 min.
 DVCPRO MP TAPE
Construction
 NEW EX CASSETTE TAPE

EX Tape
ID Hole

• TAPE REMAIN calculation

• P.B. TENSION > 0.6g DOWN
• SPEED DOWN AT TAPE BEGINING / END
• CAPSTAN SPEED > Approx... 0.05% UP
 DV TAPE PATTERN
10 tracks/frame (525)
12 tracks/frame (625) TAPE RUNNING

SUB-CODE data

R/P HEAD HEAD Travel

VIDEO data
1 11 1 11 1 2 2 2 2 2
AUDIO data
10 µm
ITI data
 DVCPRO TAPE PATTERN
10 tracks/frame (525)
TAPE RUNNING
12 tracks/frame (625)

CUE TRACK

SUB-CODE DATA

P.B HEAD
HEAD Travel
VIDEO DATA
1
AUDIO DATA 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
18 µm
ITI DATA
CTL TRACK

FLYING ERASE HEAD

The diagram shows the
R/P 4
HEAD 2 TRACKS
individual sectors on each of
the recorded helical tracks.
All are separated by edit gaps.
 DVCPRO50 TAPE PATTERN
TAPE RUNNING
67.708 mm/s (625)
20 tracks/frame (525)
24 tracks/frame (625)
CUE
TRACK
SUB-CODE DATA

HEAD Travel
VIDEO DATA

AUDIO DATA 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4

18 µm
ITI DATA
CTL TRACK
 DVCPRO TAPE PATTERN
Recording Tracks

1 TRACK
25M Mode 50M Mode

EXTRA LINE
(5.5 Lines: 525)
(8 Lines: 625)

EXTRA LINE
(2 Lines: 525)
(1 Lines: 625)

10 TRACKS / Frame (525/60) 20 TRACKS / Frame (525/60)

12 TRACKS / Frame (625/50) 24 TRACKS / Frame (625/50)
 TAPE PATTERN
10 tracks/frame (525)
12 tracks/frame (625) TAPE RUNNING

CUE TRACK

SUB-CODE

VIDEO HEAD Travel

1
AUDIO 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
18 µm
ITI
CTL TRACK

HEAD MOTION G1, G2, G3 : Edit Gaps OVER- WRITE MARGIN

SUB
ITI G1 AUDIO G2 VIDEO G3 CODE

3, 600bit 625 11, 550 700 113, 225 1, 550 3, 725 1, 250

Total: 136, 225 bit / track

 ITI DATA
Insert and Track Information
The Insert and Track
10 tracks/frame (525)
(ITI), information
TAPE RUNNING is first.
12 tracks/frame (625)
During an insert edit the
CUE TRACK
record and play heads
read the ITI sector. This
provides optimum
HEAD Travel
ITI DATA tracking and control in
1
1
1 1 1 2
determining
2 2 2 2
the exact
timing of the18 edit
µm
gap.
CTL TRACK This is also used for
tracking control during
playback of DV recordings
that lack a control track.
 ITI DATA
Insert and Track Information
1. SSA: Start Sync block Area
2. TIA : Track Information Area
HEAD Travel
3600 bits

ITI ITI
SSA TIA
preamble postamble

280 bits 1830 bits (61 blocks) 90 bits 1400 bits

30 bits = 1 block

• OVER-WRITE MARGINE
• PLL
• OVER-WRITE MARGINE
• REC MODE (SP - LP) DETECTION
• FORMAT INFO. (DVCPRO:001)
Start Sync Block Area • ATF(Pilot Frame Pulse Information)
• START POINT OF AUDIO,
VIDEO, SUB-CODE
 AUDIO SECTOR
1920 audio samples per
10 tracks/frame (525) frame are recorded
TAPE RUNNING
12 tracks/frame (625)
uncompressed and
CUE TRACK
synchronised with the
video. Additional auxiliary
data (AAUX), is recorded
which indicates
HEAD Travelwhich type

AUDIO DATA 1
of audio recording has
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
been made, (audio mode
18 µm

CTL TRACK Ch1/CH2, 50/60 field

system, samples /frame,
sampling frequency,
quantisation, edit
start/stop, emphasis flag).
 AUDIO DATA Byte position number
Sync block
number
01 234 5
Pre-sync 0
block 1 6 9 10 81 82 89
2
3
4 Audio
5
6 Auxiliary
Audio data
7 data
Sync

Data-sync ID Inner
block
8 (AAUX)
9 Parity
10
11
12
13 Outer Parity
14
Post-sync 15
16
block
Each Pre and Post sync block consist of a two byte sync word and a four byte ID.
Each Data sync block consists of a two byte sync word, a three byte ID, and 85 bytes of
audio data and parity, or 85 bytes of inner and outer parity data.
 VIDEO SECTOR
10 tracks/frame (525)
TAPE RUNNING
12 tracks/frame (625)
The 625/50 video data
CUE TRACK
for 1 frame is divided
into 12 tracks,
(525/60=10 tracks).
VIDEO DATA HEAD Travel
Additional auxiliary data
1
1
1 1 1 2 2
(VAUX),
2 2 2
is recorded
which stores
18 µm
VITC,
CTL TRACK closed caption data and
display mode (aspect
ratio and format
details).
 Sync block
VIDEO DATA Byte position number
number
01 234 5
Pre-sync 1
block 7 6 81 82 89
1
8 Video Auxiliary Data (VAUX)
1
9
2
Data-sync 0
Sync

2 Video Data Inner

block ID
1 Parity

156 Video Auxiliary Data (VAUX)

157
Outer Parity
167
Post-sync 168
block

Each Pre and Post sync block consist of a two byte sync word and a four byte ID.
Each Data sync block consists of a two byte sync word, a three byte ID, and 85 bytes of
video data and parity, or 85 bytes of inner and outer parity data.
 SUB-CODE SECTOR
10 tracks/frame (525)
TAPE RUNNING
12 tracks/frame (625)

CUE TRACK

HEAD Travel
SUB-CODE
DATA
1
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
18 µm

CTL TRACK

The Sub Code sector is

used to store longitudinal
timecode (LTC).
 SUB-CODE DATA
Byte position number

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
0
1
2
3
4
Data-sync 5 Sync
block 6 data ID Subcode Parity
7
8
9
10
11

Subcode data consists of 12 subcode data blocks. Each subcode data block is
composed of a 2 byte sync word, a 3 byte ID, and 7 bytes of subcode data
and parity.
 DATA RECORDING AREA
 EXCEPT AUDIO VIDEO SIGNALS
AUDIO DATA
AUDIO
AUX DATA NOT USED

VIDEO DATA
VIDEO

AUX DATA VITC DATA, CLOSED CAPTION DATA

SUB CODE LTC DATA

MIC (Memory in Cassette) Not Use (Deleted)

 CUE & CONTROL TRACK
10 tracks/frame (525)
TAPE RUNNING
12 tracks/frame (625)

CUE TRACK
The Control track (CTL) is
used during playback to
control the head to tape
phase.
HEAD Travel
The CTL is recorded with a
2 variable 50:50/40:60 mark
1
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
18 µm
to space ratio modulation,
CTL TRACK this identifies the frames
and the colour framing
sequence on tape.
 Auto Track Following (ATF) Pilot Signal
The ATF pilot frequencies are produced in the final stages of
10 tracks/frame (525)
the record process. TAPE RUNNING
12 tracks/frame (625)

In
CUEthe
TRACK24-25 modulation stage the ratio of 1’s and 0’s is

controlled to produce a DSV (Digital Sum Variation) of close to

DC and 2 low frequency pilot signals.
These pilot signals are used in playback toHEAD automatically
Travel
correct head to tape phase (tracking).
1
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2

F0 F1 F0 F2 F0 F1 F0 F2 F0 F1

CTL TRACK

ATF pilot
signal frequency
F0 = 0Hz
F1= 455kHz
F2= 697.5kHz
 HEAD ARRANGEMENT
 DVCPRO (25M)
RECORDING HEAD A FLYING ERASE HEAD A
(17 µm) (21 µm)

PB HEAD B PB HEAD A
(24 µm) (24 µm)

Head travel

RECORDING HEAD B
FLYING ERASE HEAD B (17 µm)
(21 µm) 21. 7 mm
 HEAD ARRANGEMENT

 DVCPRO50 (50M)
PB HEAD R2
PB HEAD L2 (24 µm)
(24 µm)
FLYING ERASE HEAD E4 RECORDING HEAD L1
(21 µm) (18 µm)

FLYING ERASE HEAD E3 RECORDING HEAD R1

(21 µm) (18 µm)

RECORDING HEAD R2 Head travel FLYING ERASE HEAD E1

(18 µm) (21 µm)

RECORDING HEAD L2 FLYING ERASE HEAD E2

(18 µm) (21 µm)

PB HEAD R1 PB HEAD L1
(24 µm) (24 µm)
21. 7 mm
 CYLINDER MOTOR
SHAFT SHAFT
UPPER
CYLINDER

HEAD CHIP LIQUD

BALL BEARING BEARING
LOWER
ROTER CYLINDER

STATER
DVCPRO DV
HIGH RERIABILITY QUIET SOUND
UNDER VARIUS THIN BODY
CONDITION
 HEAD CHIP
DVCPRO

AMORPHUS CERAIC Bs
BASE

PHERAIT

GRASS
GRASS
AMORPHUS HEAD MIG HEAD = Metal In Gap Head
MECHAMNISM OF DVCPRO
Cylinder Motor A/C Head

21.7mm Capstan

Mini- DV

DVCPRO (M)

DVCPRO (L)
 MECHAMNISM OF DVCPRO
REEL TABLE
 CIRCUIT
BLOCK Diagram (25M)
DIGITAL
ANALOGUE AUDIO
AUDIO AES/EBU

AV
A/D SHUFFLE SUB-CODE
RATE CONV
162Mb/s ROTARY
216Mb/s 124Mb/s HEAD
SHUFFLE REMOVING DE-SHUFFLE REC
A/D C CONV BLANKING COMP CODING MOD
AMP
25Mb/s 24-25MOD.
ANALGUE 41.85Mb/s
COMPONENT MEMORY
MEMORY
VIDEO

DIGITAL
COMPONENT
VIDEO
SMPTE259M -C
 CIRCUIT
BLOCK Diagram DVCPRO50 (50M)
DIGITAL
ANALOGUE AUDIO
AUDIO AES/EBU
EDA. L
SUB-CODE 24-25
A/D SHUFFLE AV RATE CONV. MOD.
HEAD 1
EX COMP. CODING
216Mb/s

A/D SHUFFLE
REMOVING VIDEO A. MIX
BLANKING COMP. DE-
SHUFFLE
CAS. A FORMAT FORMAT
1 2 RF
MEMORY DE-
VIDEO A. MIX SHUFFLE
COMP.
Pro CAS. B
Process CODING
ANALOGUE
COMPONENT MEMORY
VIDEO HEAD 2
DIGITAL 24-25
COMPONENT MOD.
VIDEO SUB-CODE
SMPTE259M-C EDA. R

CAS : Compress Audio Shuffle Process

EDA : Error Correction Coding Digital Coding ATF Servo
 Compression Process
DVCPRO (25M)
4:2:2 4:1:1 1/5 COMPRESS
CHOMA FILTER COMPRESS Y Y Y Y Cr Cb

DVCPRO50 (50M) 1/3.3 COMPRESS

4:2:2 Y Y Cr Cb
COMPRESS
Y Y Cr Cb

DVCPRO P (50M)
1/5 COMPRESS
4:2:2 Y Y Y Y Cr Cr
COMPRESS
Y Y Y Y Cb Cb
 CHROMA FILTER
4:2:2 4:1:1
Chroma
Y:Cr:Cb Y:Cr:Cb
Filter (13.5 : 3.375)
(13.5 : 6.75)

Cb Cb Cb Cb Line 285 Cb Cb

Cr Cb Cr Cb Cr Cb Cr Cb Line 23 Cr Cb Cr Cb
Line 286 Cr Cb
Cr Cb Cr Cb Cr Cb Cr Cb Cr Cb
Cb Cb Cb Cb Line 24 Cb Cb
Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr
1st active line
Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr Cr in field

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Line 285 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Line 23 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Line 286 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Line 24 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
 CHROMA FILTER
4:2:2 Sampling

t = 1/3.375MHz t=1/13.5MHz
line 285
line 23
Luminance line 286
samples line 24
line 287
line 25

line 285
line 23
line 286
Color
line 24
difference
samples line 287
line 25

First pixel in active video

 CHROMA FILTER
4:1:1 Sampling (DVCPRO25)

t = 1/3.375MHz t=1/13.5MHz
line 285
line 23
Luminance line 286
samples line 24
line 287
line 25

line 285
line 23
line 286
Color
difference line 24
samples line 287
line 25

First pixel in active video

 CHROMA FILTER
4:2:0 Sampling (DV 625)

t = 1/3.375MHz t=1/13.5MHz
line 285
line 23
Luminance line 286
samples line 24
line 287
line 25

line 285
line 23
line 286
Color
difference line 24
samples line 287
line 25

First pixel in active video

 Video Shuffling
Y DCT Block Dividing
• Luminance sampling is 345,600 (525/60), 414,720 (625/50) picture elements per
frame.
• Divide into 8 x 8 pixel DCT blocks.
• 1 Y frame contains 5400 (525/60), 6480 (625/50) DCT blocks.

60 DCT (525)
72 DCT (625)

90 DCT
 Video Shuffling

Cr, Cb DCT Block Dividing

• Cb & Cr sampling are 86,400 picture elements per frame (525/60).
• Cb & Cr sampling are 103,680 picture elements per frame (625/50).
• Divide into 8 x 8 pixel DCT blocks.
• 1 frame contains 1350 Cb & Cr DCT blocks (525/50).
• 1 frame contains 1620 Cb & Cr DCT blocks (625/50).

60 (525) 60 (525)
72 (625) Cr 72 (625) Cb

22.5 22.5
 Video Shuffling

Macro Block Dividing

• Each Macro block comprises of 4Y, 1Cr, and 1Cb horizontally
adjacent DCT blocks. 8 PIXELS
• 1620 Macro Blocks in 1 frame.
8 PIXELS DCT4 DCT5

8 PIXELS DCT0 DCT1 DCT2 DCT3

Data Multiplexing 8 PIXELS

• The serial data stream clock increases to 18 MHz.

DCT0 DCT1 DCT2 DCT3 DCT4 DCT5

 Video Shuffling

Super Blocks (525/50)

j
Left 720 pixels Right
0 1 2 3 4
Top 0 S 0,0 S 0,1 S 0,2 S 0,3 S 0,4 Super blocks
1 S 1,0 S 1,1 S 1,2 S 1,3 S 1,4
i 2 S 2,0 S 2,1 S 2,2 S 2,3 S 2,4

3 S 3,0 S 3,1 S 3,2 S 3,3 S 3,4

4 S 4,0 S 4,1 S 4,2 S 4,3 S 4,4
480 lines Si,0 or Si,2 Si,1 or Si,3
5 S 5,0 S 5,1 S 5,2 S 5,3 S 5,4
6 S 6,0 S 6,1 S 6,2 S 6,3 S 6,4 27 Macro
7 S 7,0 S 7,1 S 7,2 S 7,3 S 7,4 blocks
8 S 8,0 S 8,1 S 8,2 S 8,3 S 8,4
Bottom 9 S 9,0 S 9,1 S 9,2 S 9,3 S 9,4
Si,4

• 1 Super block contains 27 Macro blocks.

 Video Shuffling

Super Blocks (625/60)

j
Left 720 pixels Right
0 1 2 3 4
Top 0 S 0,0 S 0,1 S 0,2 S 0,3 S 0,4
1 S 1,0 S 1,1 S 1,2 S 1,3 S 1,4
i 2 S 2,0 S 2,1 S 2,2 S 2,3 S 2,4 Super block
3 S 3,0 S 3,1 S 3,2 S 3,3 S 3,4 j
4 S 4,0 S 4,1 S 4,2 S 4,3 S 4,4
i
5 S 5,0 S 5,1 S 5,2 S 5,3 S 5,4
576 lines
6 S 6,0 S 6,1 S 6,2 S 6,3 S 6,4
7 S 7,0 S 7,1 S 7,2 S 7,3 S 7,4 27 Macro
blocks
8 S 8,0 S 8,1 S 8,2 S 8,3 S 8,4
9 S 9,0 S 9,1 S 9,2 S 9,3 S 9,4
10 S10,0 S10,1 S10,2 S10,3 S10,4

Bottom 11 S11,0 S11,1 S11,2 S11,3 S11,4

• 1 Super block contains 27 Macro blocks.

 Video Shuffling

Video Segment
• A video segment comprises of 5 macro blocks from various areas
within the video frame.
• The data in the video segment is compressed to 384 bytes.
1 TRACK
1 Macro block
SHUFFLE
384 bytes

Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 PR PB

Video Segment
5 Macro blocks
1920 bytes

SUPER BLOCK 8 bits

 Video Shuffling

Compression 1 Macro block

• 5 macro blocks from various areas 384 bytes

within the video frame are compressed Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 PRPB

from 385 bytes to 77 bytes.
•
5 Macro blocks
These are then de-shuffled. 1920 bytes

384 bytes
COMPRESSION

77 bytes

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

DE-SHUFFLE
 Video Shuffling

INFORMATION

FIXED LENGTH
 BLANKING

525/60 DVCPRO25 NTSC

858T
122T 720T 16T

EFFECTIVE PICTURE
480H 525H
720 X 480
 BLANKING

626/50 DVCPRO25 PAL

864T
132T 720T 12T

EFFECTIVE PICTURE 576H 625H

720 X 576
 BLANKING

525/60 DVCPRO50 NTSC

858T
122T 720T 16T

20 (282.5)
23 (285)
Extra 5.5 line

EFFECTIVE PICTURE
487.5H 525H
720 X 487.5

Extra 2 line
262 (524)
263 (525)
 BLANKING

626/50 DVCPRO50 PAL

864T
132T 720T 12T

19 (331)
23 (335)
Extra 8 line

EFFECTIVE PICTURE 585H 625H

720 X 585

Extra 1 line
310 (622)
310 (623)
Data of Extra Line

Y0 EX Y1 EX Cr Cb
STA DC0 DC0 DC0 DC0
EX0 ACX EX1 ACX
QNO AC0 AC0 AC0 AC0

Extra Lines Extra Lines

 Video Compression
Compression Circuit

124 Mb/s

DCT ZIGZAG
WEIGHTING QUANTIZATION
SCAN

VLC
ANALYSIS

25 Mb/s
 Video Compression

DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform)

8 x 8 DCT block
• 64 time-related samples are
analysed by DCT algorithm.
• From spatial domain into
frequency domain.
• Horizontal components.
• Vertical components.
 Video Compression

 DVCPRO DCT
• DC component value = average brightness - largest (coefficient)
in block.
• Highest diagonal frequency component - typically zero or low
value coefficient.
 Video Compression

 DVCPRO DCT
• Various techniques are used to reduce data
needed for coefficients.
• Omitting coefficients introduces ‘noise’.
• The human eye is less sensitive to high
frequency noise.
• This knowledge is used in the weighting
stage.
Video Compression DCT BLOCK
40 41 40 41 42 72 73 74
41 40 40 44 78 110 110 112
40 42 41 79 111 112 111 112
40 40 43 83 110 111 111 113
51 52 56 83 110 110 111 110
72 73 83 110 111 114 110 112
110 111 110 112 112 111 110 113
112 111 112 110 110 112 114 111

Hf
693-147-15 29 9 -4 -3 -5
-142-68 13 17 -7 -4 3 -3
-1 63 33 -13 -22 4 10 -1
-31 18 4 -10 -5 5 5 -5
Vf -31 7 2 -2 -1 2 -1 0
-1 20 -5 -7 6 2 -3 -4
-6 3 -14 -4 6 5 -4 -4
0 10 0 1 1 -3 -4 3
 Video Compression

 Data Weighting
• Applied to DCT blocks.
8 - 8 DCT Mode • The DC component is left
DC component intact.
• Maximum weighting is
1.00
applied to the highest
0.72
frequencies.
0.72
0;0;0 w(h) • Weighting is performed
0.52 Horizontal during zigzag scan.
freq...
w(v)
7;7
Vertical freq...
 Video Compression

 Data Weighting
693 -147 -15 29 9 -4 -3 -5 693 -144 -14 26 8 -3 -2 -4
-142 -68 13 17 -7 -4 3 -3 -139 -65 12 15 -6 -3 2 -2
-1 63 33 -13 -22 4 10 -1 -1 57 28 -11 -18 3 7 -1
-31 18 4 -10 -5 5 5 -5 -28 16 3 -8 -4 4 3 -3
-31 7 2 -2 -1 2 -1 0 -27 6 2 -2 -1 1 -1 0
-1 20 -5 -7 6 2 -3 -4 -1 17 -4 -5 4 1 -2 -2
-6 3 -14 -4 6 5 -4 -4 -5 2 -10 -3 4 3 -2 -2
0 10 0 1 1 -3 -4 3 0 7 0 1 1 -2 -2 2

After Weighting
 Video Compression

 Zigzag Scan
• Starting with the DC co-efficient.
• Serial data stream starts with high
values.
• Decreasing values tail off to long
runs of zeros
• Short code words are used to replace
these by Run Length Coding
 Video Compression
693 -144 -14 26 8 -3 -2 -4
-139 -65 12 15 -6 -3 2 -2
-1 57 28 -11 -18 3 7 -1
-28 16 3 -8 -4 4 3 -3
-27 6 2 -2 -1 1 -1 0
-1 17 -4 -5 4 1 -2 -2
-5 2 -10 -3 4 3 -2 -2
0 7 0 1 1 -2 -2 2

After Zigzag Scan

693 -144 -139 -1 -65 -14 26 12 57 -28 -27 16 28 15 8 -3

-6 -11 3 6 -1 -5 17 2 -8 -18 -3 -2 -4 2 3 -4

-2 -4 2 0 7 -10 -5 -1 4 7 -2 -1 3 1 4 -3

0 1 4 1 -1 -3 0 -2 3 1 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 2
 Video Compression

Video Compression
 Quantisation

• The process of rounding up or down.

• Reduces range of values before VLC stage.

16 • Variable reduction.
14
12 • Divide factors :-
10 1, 2, 4, 8, 16.
9
•
8
6 Example factor 
4
2
data value = 9
rounded down to 8.
 Video Compression
 Quantisation
Quantisation Area
0 1
DC 0 0 1 1 1 2 2
0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2
Step
0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3
1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3
2 3
1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
Step
2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16
2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
• DC untouched.
• The highest frequencies are in zone 3- has the most
redundant data.
 Video Compression
 Quantisation Step
80

72

64 STEP “1”
56

48 STEP “1/8”
40
32 STEP “1/16”
24

16

8
-4
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80
-8

-16
 Video Compression

 Quantisation Analysis
Data classification
Class 0 to 3 relates to image content:
 Class 0 - Quantisation noise is easily seen e.g. large areas of
DC, low detail
 Class 1 - Quantisation noise is not seen as easily as class 0
 Class 2 - Quantisation noise is not seen as easily as class 1
 Class 3 - Quantisation noise not easily seen e.g. high AC
content, fine detail
 Video Compression

Quantisation Numbers
zone
• Dividing factors shown under
each zone number.
• Can be varied between zones.
• Sets of factors grouped into
Quantisation numbers (QNO).
 Video Compression
VLC (Valiable Length Coding)
693 -148 -140 0 -68 -12 28 12 60 -28 -28 20 28 12 12 0

0 -12 0 0 0 0 20 0 -12 -20 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 -12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

• VLC data format : (A, B) where A = number of zeros and

B = value (with polarity).
• Quantised Data after VLC format =
(0, 693) (0, -148) (0, -148) (1, -68) (0, -12) (0, 28) (0, 12) (0, 60)
(0, -28) (0, -28) (0, 20) (0, 28) (0, 12) (0, 12) (2, -12) (4, 20)
(1, -12) (0, -20) (11, -12) EOB
 Video Compression

• Replaces DCT 8-bit values with shorter code words.

• The longest code is allocated to the least probable values.
• Short code words replace runs of zeros.
• End of Block (EOB) 4 bit code word replaces last run.
• A 9 bit code word represents the DC level
• An additional polarity bit is added for each each code
word.
 Video Compression

• VLC Format (0,230) coded produces a 16 bit length

word.
• (0,-37) = 16 bit. (0,-52) = 16bit. (0,-7) = 7 bit.
(0,-2) = 4 bit etc… Absolute value

VLC
Look-Up
Table
Zero run length
Reed-Solomon Error Correction
Inner and Outer parity codes used to protect video and audio
recording data. Only Inner parity codes for sub-code data.
Error correction coding principle shown below using a 4-bit
word:

Digital Input Error* detect and correct

4 2 6 8
Playback 3 5 7 11

4 2 6 7* 152 4 2 6 7* 152

Encode 12+10+42+77 = 141

3 5 7 11 Record
Original data
4 2 6 8 4 2 6 8 152 output
12+10+42+88 = 152 4 2 6 8
 Reed-Solomon Error Correction

Video Sync Block Structure

01 234 5 ------------------------------------- 81 82----89
Each Pre and Post sync Byte position number

block consist of a two

Pre-sync block 17
byte sync word 18
19 Video auxillary data
and a four byte ID. 20
21
Each Data sync block
Data-sync S Video data
consists of a two byte block y Inner
ID
n parity
sync word, a three 155 c
156
byte 157 Video auxillary data
ID, and 85 bytes of
Outer parity
video data and parity, 167
Post-sync block 168
or 85 bytes of inner Composed video data
and
outer parity data.
 Reed-Solomon Error Correction

Audio Sync Block Structure

01 234 5 ------------------------------------- 81 82----89
Each Pre and Post sync
Byte position number
block consist of a two
Pre-sync block 0
byte sync word 1
2
and a four byte ID. 3
4
5
Each Data sync block 6 Audio
Data-sync 7 S auxillary Audio data
consists of a two byte block 8 y data Inner
ID
9 n parity
sync word, a three 10 c
byte 11
12
ID, and 85 bytes of 13
14 Outer parity
audio data and parity, 15
Post-sync block 16
or 85 bytes of inner Composed audio data
and
outer parity data.
 Reed-Solomon Error Correction

Subcode Sync Block Structure

Byte position number
Subcode data consists 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Sync block
of 12 subcode data number
blocks. Each subcode 0
1
data block is 2
composed of a 2 byte 3 P
4 a
sync word, a 3 byte S
Data-sync 5 Subcode r
block
y
ID, and 7 bytes of 6 ID data i
n
7 t
subcode data and c
8 y
9
parity. 10
11

Composed subcode data

 Digital Channel Coding
PILOT Signal Subcode

F0 F1 F0 F2 F0 F1 F0 F2 F0 F1 F0 F2

Video
ATF pilot PB He
ad

signal frequency Audio

F0 = 0Hz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
F1= 465kHz ITI
F2= 697.5kHz
 Digital Channel Coding
PILOT Signal
Level
(dB) Depth of notch :
(a) Track F0
> than 9 dB
f1 f2
Pilot signal
Level
(b) Track F1 (dB)
16dB
f1 f2
Pilot signal
Depth of notch :
Level >than 3dB
(dB)
(c) Track F2

f1 f2

24 - 25 BIT Convert
1 bit 25 bits

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

ADDITIONAL BIT 24 bits

 Digital Channel Coding

Channel coding with Interleaved SNRZI

Reason for coding:
• Alignment of the serial bit stream to the limits of the magnetig recording
Target:
• Possibility of re-clocking
• reduction of the spectral energies at low- and high frequency area
• no DC components
• meaningless of signal polarity

• NRZ Code: In difference to the RZ Code, no return to 0 by each continous 1

• NRZI Code: By each 1 the polaryty is changed, by 0 the polarity is kept as before.
• Interleaved NRZI: Code is allways changing inbetween ODD and EVEN Code
 Digital Channel Coding
ODD EVEN ODD EVEN ODD EVEN ODD EVEN ODD EVEN ODD EVEN
Input signal
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
NRZ Code

NRZI Code

NRZI Odd

NRZI Even

Interleaved
NRZI Code
(output
signal)
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
525 (NTSC) CTL Pattern
DVCPRO (25M)
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 45 5 5 5 5 5 4 6 6 4

CTL
Current
COLOR FRAME 0 COLOR FRAME 1

DVCPRO50 (50M)
5 55 55 5 55 555 55 55 55 5 645 55 55 5 55 555 55 55 546 6 4

CTL
Current
COLOR FRAME 0 COLOR FRAME 1
 CTL Pattern
625 (PAL)
DVCPRO (25M)
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 4 5 5 5 5 5 55 5 4 6 6 45 5 5 5 5 5 46 5 5 6 45 5 5 5 5 5 4 6 4 6 6 4
CTL
Current
COLOR FRAME 0 COLOR FRAME 1 COLOR FRAME 2 COLOR FRAME 3

DVCPRO50 (50M)
5 55 55 5 55 555 55 55 55 5 645 55 55 5 55 555 55 55 546 6 4
CTL
Current
COLOR FRAME 0 COLOR FRAME 1
5 55 55 5 55 555 55 546 5 5645 55 55 5 55 555 55 54 6 46 64

CTL
Current
COLOR FRAME 0 COLOR FRAME 1
 Panasonic
Sales Engineering Department
Broadcast Systems Division, AVC Company
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.

With corrporation by
Mr. John Funnell / Panasonic Broadcast Europe UK
Mr. Hubertus Beckmann / Panasonic Broadcast Europe Gmbh