Lecture 8-Shearing Forces and Bending Moments in Beams (DELIVERED)

Chapter Objectives (Section 6.1 ~ 6.
5)
 Determine the internal moment at a section of a beam
 Determine the stress in a beam member caused by bending
Beams & shafts undergo bending in application, which gives rise to:
 The practical meaning of shear forces and bending moments.
 Use the above to plot shear force and bending moment diagrams from
which the largest shear and moment in a member can be determined.
 Finally find the bending stress at the section of structural member.

A discussion about
1. SHEARING FORCES,
2. BENDING MOMENTS and
3. BEAMS
normally arises because we want to answer the
question…
What happens to the FIBRES of a

BEAM under BENDING?
But firstly, why should we be

concerned about the fibres in a beam?
WHY SHOULD WE BE CONCERNED
ABOUT THE FIBRES IN A BEAM?
1. Because a BEAM is a member that carries loads transversely or
perpendicular to its long axis, like this one and the one on the
next slide
2. And most
engineering
structures are
“BEAMY”!
Oops, BEAMS
Now what happens to the fibres? also see Activity D:
Page 243
1. Imagine a straight undeflected beam is supported at points A and C and a
force, F hovers at B as shown
2. When force, F is applied; the beam curves between A and C while the
overhang to the left of A remains straight
2.1 What direction must the forces act at each

upward
support?
𝑭
2.2 What is the magnitude of the force at each support?
𝟐
…cut through the
Since the fibres are located within the beam to
beam and
see what happens to them we have to …..?
investigate
3. We can cut the beam at any place, let’s choose position D
4. What do you think would happen when the beam is cut? And what could
be deduced from this phenomenon or observation?
4.1 . Chances are that once cut the beam will spring back to its undeflected
form. It further means that the beam gets divided into LCS and RCS.
4.2. That means cutting would have removed some restraining forces that
kept the section in the same shape and form it was before cutting.
4.3. it further means the restraining forces were provided by the right cut
section (RCS) from which the LCS has been disengaged.
What is the nature and magnitude of the forces applied
by the RCS on the LCS …..?
5. To answer the above, we draw a free body diagram of the LCS, which can
be shown as below.
5.1 Since the reaction force at A of [F/2] remains applied at the support, to
maintain equilibrium a vertical force of [F/2] must be exerted at the end of
the LCS
5.2 This force is termed Vertical Shearing Force at D on the LCS hence: VDL,
and is equal in magnitude to F/2
5.3 It also means in order to maintain the LCS in the curved form, a
counterclockwise moment must be applied at the cut. This moment is
called Moment at D for the LCS, hence: MDL.
Loading situation on the LCS
5.4 Putting it all together the loading situation on the LCS should turn out to
be as shown below
5.5 VDL is shown acting in the downwards POSITIVE direction using a half arrow.
5.6 The moment shown using a curved arrow acting in the POSITIVE
hogging direction (also see next slide) and is equal in magnitude to
the moments created by reaction force at the support and the
shearing force (F/2) at the cut acting at a distance x.
𝑴 𝑫𝑳 =
[
𝑭
𝟐 ] [𝒙 ]
Loading situation on the RCS
6. Given the loading situation on the RCS side of the beam as shown below
follow the same logic as in the preceding slides to answer the questions:
6.1 What is the magnitude of Vertical Shearing Force at D on the RCS and its
designation?
6.2 What is Moment at D for the RCS and its designation?

SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM
• upward on the
beam;
• the internal shear force causes a

clockwise rotation of the beam segment
on which it acts
• the internal moment causes compression in the

top fibers of the segment such that it bends the
segment so that it “holds water”.
continued on next slide
Mechanics of Materials, Tenth Edition Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
R. C. Hibbeler All Rights Reserved
example06_01c
example06_03c
GRAPHICAL METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
Where a beam is subjected to several different loadings, determining V and M as

functions of x and then plotting these equations can become quite tedious. This calls
for a simpler method. The method is based on two differential relations, one that exists
between distributed load and shear, and the other between shear and moment.
Regions of distributed load:

Change in shear = area under
distributed loading
V    w  x dx
Change in shear = area under

shear diagram
M   V  x dx
Figure 6-9 abc
Copyright © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Example 6.6
Draw the shear and moment diagrams for
the beam shown in Figure 6–12a.
Solutions
• The reactions are shown on the free-body diagram
in Figure 6–12b.
• The shear at each end is plotted first, Figure 6–
12c. Since there is no distributed load on the
beam, the shear diagram has zero slope and is
therefore a horizontal line
• The moment is zero at each end, Figure 6–12d.
The moment diagram has a constant negative
slope of -M0 since this is the shear in
2L
• the beam at each point. Note that the couple

moment causes a jump in the moment diagram at
the beam’s center, but it does not affect the shear
diagram at this point.
Bending Deformation of a Straight
Member
Assumptions:
1. Plane section remains plane
2. Length of longitudinal axis remains unchanged
3. Plane section remains perpendicular to the

longitudinal axis
4. In-plane distortion of section is negligible
Flexural Formula
Material behaves in a linear-elastic manner so that Hooke’s Law
Applies; i.e.   E .є
My
 
I
MR Z   MZ ;
y 
M   ydF   y  dA    y   max  dA
A A
c 

M  max  y 2dA
c A
Mc
 max 
I
My
 
I
Example 6.12
The simply supported beam in Figure 6–26a has the cross-
sectional area shown in Figure 6–26b. Determine the
absolute maximum bending stress in the beam and draw
the stress distribution over the cross section at this
location.
Example 6.12
Solutions
• The maximum internal moment in the beam, 22.5 kN.m, occurs at the center.
• By reasons of symmetry, the neutral axis passes through the centroid C at

the mid-height of the beam, Figure 6–26b.

I   I  Ad 2 
 2  121 0.25 0.02   0.25 0.02 0.16     121 0.02 0.3  
3 2 3
   

 301.3 10 6 m4 
B  
My B
; b 
 
22.5 103 0.17 
 12.7 MPa (Ans)
I 301.3 10 
6
• A three-dimensional view of the stress distribution

is shown in Figure 6–26d.
At point B,
My B 22.5 103  0.15 
B   ; B    11.2 MPa
I 301.3 10 © 2017, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
6
Copyright
example06_13c
example06_14a

example06_14b

example06_14c

Lecture 8-Shearing Forces and Bending Moments in Beams (DELIVERED)

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Lecture 8-Shearing Forces and Bending Moments in Beams (DELIVERED)

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Chapter Objectives (Section 6.1 ~ 6.

 The practical meaning of shear forces and bending moments.

 Finally find the bending stress at the section of structural member.

What happens to the FIBRES of a

But firstly, why should we be

2.1 What direction must the forces act at each

6.2 What is Moment at D for the RCS and its designation?

• the internal shear force causes a

• the internal moment causes compression in the

Where a beam is subjected to several different loadings, determining V and M as

Regions of distributed load:

Change in shear = area under

• the beam at each point. Note that the couple

1. Plane section remains plane

2. Length of longitudinal axis remains unchanged

3. Plane section remains perpendicular to the

4. In-plane distortion of section is negligible

• By reasons of symmetry, the neutral axis passes through the centroid C at

• A three-dimensional view of the stress distribution

continued on next slide

continued on next slide

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