M11 LS

Cellular Respiration Continued:

Krebs and ET chain

Today you will need

•M5 – M8
•Coloured pencils
 Remember….
 Cellular respiration = a set of metabolic pathways
that generate ATP
 In the end, each molecule of glucose produces lots of ATP
Stages of Cellular Respiration

1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate Oxidation
(Decarboxylation)
3. Krebs Cycle
4. Electron Transport Chain
5. Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Chemiosmosis)
Animation: glycolysis 1:40
Glycolysis is only the start
 Glycolysis

glucose      pyruvate
6C 2x 3C
 Pyruvate has more energy to yield
 3 more C to strip off (to oxidize)
 if O2 is available, pyruvate enters mitochondria
 enzymes of Krebs cycle complete oxidation of
sugar to CO2

pyruvate       CO2
3C 1C
Cellular respiration
Animation: Cell Resp Overview

weblink: Overview of all steps of Cellular Respiration

Mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration
Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells
In animal cells they are oval
Cristae increase surface area and are the
site of electron transport
The matrix is like the cytoplasm of cells
where enzymatic reactions take place
 Stage 2. Pyruvate Oxidation
 Second reaction of cellular respiration
 Pyruvate produced in the cytosol is
transported to the mitochondrial matrix,
provided oxygen is present
 Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA while
NAD+ is reduced to NADH

Can you see why

it is also a
decarboxylation
reaction?
Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA

reduction

oxidation

decarboxylation

Yield = 2C sugar + CO2 + NADH

 So for each glucose molecule:

•Two molecules of acetyl CoA go into

Krebs cycle (part 3 of respiration)

•Two carbon dioxide molecules are

released as a waste product of respiration

•Two molecules of reduced NAD are

formed and go into the electron
transport chain (part 4 of respiration)

At the end
•The 2 NADH will migrate to the electron transport chain
to be used to make more ATP
•The CO2 is released
•The two molecules of acetyl-CoA enter Kreb’s Cycle
Stage 3: Kreb’s Cycle
- converts acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide
a) Turns twice for every glucose molecule
(once for each 2C acetyl-CoA)

b) Cyclic: oxaloacetate is regenerated in

every turn, to form Citric Acid (Citrate)
when joined with acetyl-CoA

c) At the end:
d) - 1 ATP is produced per cycle, so 2 ATP
are made per glucose
- The 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 will migrate
to the electron transport stage to be
used to make more ATP
- All C has been released as CO2
Label M6

You may wish to use

different colours
Label M6 pkg
Pyruvate
carbon decarboxylation
hydrogen NAD+ Coenzyme A

carbon
Acetyl-CoA

Pyruvate (C3)
(actually 2 of these go through cycle)

Oxidative Decarboxylation
NAD+
in mito matrix NADH
Pyruvate CO2
decarboxylase
Acetyl-CoA (C2)
 Pyruvate (C3)
(actually 2 of these go through cycle)

NAD+
NADH
CO2

Acetyl -CoA

Citrate (C6)
H2O
Isomer change
H2O
Oxaloacetate (C4)
Isocitrate (C6)
CO2
NAD+ Decarboxylation
NADH
α Ketoglutarate (C5)
 Pyruvate (C3)
(actually 2 of these go through cycle)

NAD+

NADH
CO2

Acetyl -CoA

Citrate (C6)
H2O
Isomer change
H2O
Oxaloacetate (C4)
Isocitrate (C6)
CO2
NAD+ Decarboxylation
NADH
α Ketoglutarate (C5)
CO2
Decarboxylation
NAD+
NADH

Succinyl-CoA (C4)

Pi *bumps off coA and briefly

attaches to succinate,then to GDP

Succinate(C4) GTP GDP

ADP Substrate-level
ATP phosphorylation of ADP
 Acetyl-coA
oxaloacetate
Pyruvate (C3)
(actually 2 of these go through cycle)
citrate
Citrate
NAD+ CO2 ATP Citrate
NADH
CO2 oxaloacetate

Acetyl -CoA

Citrate (C6)
H2O
Isomer change
H2O
Oxaloacetate (C4)
Isocitrate (C6)
NADH CO2
NAD+ Decarboxylation
NAD+
NADH
Malate (C4)
α Ketoglutarate (C5)

H2O CO2
Decarboxylation
NAD+
Fumarate (C4) NADH

Succinyl-CoA (C4)

FADH2 Pi *bumps off coA and briefly

attaches to succinate,then to GDP
FAD
Succinate(C4) GTP GDP
ADP Substrate-level
phosphorylation of ADP
ATP
 Back to M5: ACCOUNTING
SO FAR:
(for one glucose molecule):
ATP: 4 (2 Glycol, 2 Krebs)
NADH: 10 (2 Glycol, 8 Krebs)
FADH2: 2 (2 Krebs)

Summary of Krebs: 2 pyurvate 6 CO 2 + 2 ATP + 8 NADH + 2 FADH2

Animation: Krebs 1:16
Animation: Krebs 1:17
Accounting So Far: (for one glucose
molecule)
 ATP: 4

 4 ATP is only about 4% of the possible

energy from the glucose molecule!
 So now we use all the NADH and FADH2
to generate more ATP!
Animation: Cell Resp in Mito 1:11
 M7

Stage 4: Electron Transport Chain

a) In the presence of oxygen, a series of (mostly)
transport proteins built into the inner membrane is
used to link electron transport to ATP synthesis.

 The ETC complex is arranged in order of increasing

electronegativity

• Electron Transport Chain = series of redox reactions

• Electrons are passed from one protein to another, along a “chain”

until finally oxygen accepts them, combines with hydrogen, and
forms water

• In the process, H+ ions collect in the inter-membrane space

Electrons flow downhill
 Electrons move in steps from
carrier to carrier downhill to O2
 each carrier more electronegative
 controlled oxidation AND controlled release of energy
Label M8

NADH
NADH from Krebs red ox red
NAD+
ox
 NADH
NADH from Krebs red ox red
H+ H+
NAD+
ox
 NADH
NADH from Krebs red ox red
H+ H+
NAD+
ox

red ox
 NADH
NADH from Krebs red ox red
H+ H+
NAD+
ox

red ox

ox red
 NADH
NADH from Krebs red ox red
H+ H+
NAD+
ox

red ox

H+ ox red H+

red ox
 NADH
NADH from Krebs red ox red
H+ H+
NAD+
ox

red ox

H+ ox red H+

red ox
 NADH
NADH from Krebs red ox red
H+ H+
NAD+
ox

red ox

H+ ox red H+

red ox

H+ ox red H+
 NADH
NADH from Krebs red ox red
H+ H+
NAD+
ox

red ox

H+ ox red H+

red ox

H+ ox red H+
Oxygen

H2 O
 there are fewer protons in the matrix than
in the intermembrane space
 we set up a gradient!
Chemiosmosis
(oxidative phosphorylation)

ADP + Pi Proton pump (F1 Knob)

ATP

NADH
NADH from Krebs red ox red
H+ H+ Each NADH from Krebs
NAD+ produces 3 ATPs
ox through chemiosmosis
red ox

H+ ox red H+

Proton
pool
red ox

H+ ox red H+
Oxygen

H2 O
Chemiosmosis
(oxidative phosphorylation)

ADP + Pi Proton pump (F1 Knob)

ATP

NADH
NADH from Krebs ox red
H+ H+ Each NADH from Krebs
NAD+ produces 3 ATPs
through chemiosmosis
FADH2 from Krebs FADH2
red red ox
FAD+
ox
H+ ox red H+

Proton
pool
red ox

H+ ox red H+
Oxygen

H2 O
These NADH from Kreb’s
produce 3 ATP but what about
the ones from glycolysis?
 These NADH from glycolysis
require one ATP each to be
transported into the matrix

-1ATP
During transport
So each one will
only net 2 ATP
from the ET chain.

This is similar to
an FADH2.

**** Some sources

say it is converted
to an FADH2

**** Either way, it

produces 2 ATP
Chemiosmosis
(oxidative phosphorylation)

ADP + Pi Proton pump (F1 Knob)

ATP

NADH
NADH from Krebs ox red
H+ H+ Each NADH from Krebs
NAD+ produces 3 ATPs
through chemiosmosis
FADH2 from Krebs and FADH2
red red ox
NADH from glycolysis Each NADH from glycolysis
FAD+
ox and each FADH2 produces
H+ ox red H+ 2 ATPs through
Proton chemiosmosis
pool
red ox

H+ ox red H+
Oxygen

H2 O
Chemiosmosis
(oxidative phosphorylation)

ADP + Pi Proton pump (F1 Knob)

ATP

NADH
NADH from Krebs ox red
H+ H+ Each NADH from Krebs
NAD+ produces 3 ATPs
through chemiosmosis
NADH
NADH from glycolysis red red ox
NAD+ Each NADH from glycolysis
ox and each FADH2 produces
H+ ox red H+ 2 ATPs through
Proton chemiosmosis
pool
red ox

H+ ox red H+
Oxygen

H2 O
Animation: Electron Transport 0:09
b) The electrons arrive using electron carriers NADH and
FADH2
 NADH is oxidized at NADH dehydrogenase, releasing 2
electrons
 FADH2 is oxidized at ubiquinone (Q) releasing 2 electrons
H+ H+ H+
H+
+
H
Protein H+ H+ ATP
complex Electron H+
. H+ synthase
Intermembrane carrier
space

Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
Electron FADH2 FAD
flow
1
NADH NAD+ O + 2 H+
+
2 2
H
+
H
Mitochondrial 
matrix ADP P ATP
H+ H2O
H+

Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

Figure 6.10
 as they travel through, the pairs of electrons are
releasing energy which is used to move H+
from the matrix to the intermembrane space
 - 3 protons for every NADH
 - 2 protons for every FADH2

At the end
 the electrons have to reduce something! oxygen
oxygen is reduced as it picks up 2 e and 2
protons (from matrix) to make water

 the matrix is less acidic than the intermembrane

space
Label M8 bottom

web link: ETC

 STAGE 5: OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

 a) A proton-motive force (PMF) is set up

 - H+ accumulates in the intermembrane space and sets
up a proton gradient
 inner membrane is impermeable to H+
 the electrochemical gradient is used to synthesize
ATP as H+ move through the ATP synthase channel
protein
 down their concentration gradient
 b) Protons (H+) travel along the
concentration gradient through the ATP
synthase
ATP synthase turns and releases energy to
allow for formation of ATP
 ATP synthase
 enzyme in inner membrane of
mitochondria

 only channel permeable to H+

 flowing H+ cause change in

shape of ATP synthase enzyme
and powers bonding of Pi to ADP

ADP + Pi  ATP

web link: ATP synthesis another web link: ATP synthesis

Animations: F1 ATP Synthase
Animation: Electron Transport 1:14
Animation: Electron Transport 1:43
c) At the end

For every H+ proton through

the ATP synthase directly made
channel 1 ATP is formed
 NADH yields 3 ATP
 FADH2 yields 2 ATP

 ~ 32 ATP are produced directly made

from 1 glucose during
oxidative phosphorylation!

If we add the ATP directly made from Glycolysis (2)

and Krebs (2) This totals 36 ATP from one glucose
Cellular respiration
Summary of cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ~36 ATP

 Where did the glucose come from?

 Where did the O2 come from?
 Where did the CO2 come from?
 Where did the H2O come from?
 Where did the ATP come from?
 What else is produced that is not listed
in this equation?
 Why do we breathe?
Taking it beyond…
 What is the final electron acceptor in
electron transport chain?
O2
 So what happens if O2 unavailable?
 ETC backs up
 ATP production ceases
 cells run out of energy
 and you die!
Tomorrow:

 How to get energy

from food sources
other than sugars!
 Homework:
 pg 182 #1-10

 M11
 M12