Process By Andrew F.

Hayes
Application for Testing Structural Equation Modelling using SPSS
By
Dr. Fouzia Ali
 Process by Hayes
Introduction
PROCESS is an observed variable path analysis modeling tool for
SPSS and SAS.  It is widely used through the social, business, and
health sciences for estimating direct and indirect effects in single and
multiple mediator models (parallel and serial) , two and three way
interactions in moderation models along with simple slopes and regions
of significance for probing interactions, and conditional indirect effects
in moderated mediation models with a single or multiple mediators or
moderators.
 Process by Hayes
Installation Procedure
Open SPSS in the
system
Then go to----
• Utilities
• Custom Dialogs
• Install Custom
Dialogs
 Process by Hayes
Installation Procedure
• A dialog box is open
when click on “Install
Custom Dialogs…”
• Select and then open
Process application
program with the name
“Process_spd.spd”
• By clicking on this file,
Application of Process
by Hayes installed in the
system
 Process by Hayes
Installation Procedure
• To see the application
in the system, go to
Analyze
• Go to Regression,
where you can find
following option
“PROCESS, by
Andrew F. Hayes
(http//www.afhayes.co
m)
Process by Hayes
Dialog box
• Following dialog box open
when you click on the
PROCESS, by Andrew F.
Hayes under the Tab of
Regression
• Model Number contain 76
models to perform different
mediation and moderation
analysis.
Course Outline
• This tutorial will help you in conducting following analysis using
Process By Andrew F. Hayes
• Simple Moderation Analysis
• Simple Mediation Analysis
• Sequential Mediation Analysis
• Mediated Moderation Analysis
• Moderated Mediation Analysis
 Case 1

Simple Moderation Analysis Applying Model 1

of PROCESS by Hayes
 Moderation

• The effect of a moderating variable is characterized statistically as an

interaction; that is, a categorical (e.g., sex, ethnicity, class) or
quantitative (e.g., level of reward) variable that affects the direction
and/or strength of the relation between dependent and independent
variables.
 Moderation
Case Study
• To examine the impact of originating BA on Employees Turnover
Intention: The moderating role of Gender

Gender

Employee
Originating
Turnover
BA
Intention
 Moderation
Case Study (Working in PROCESS)

Gender

Employee
Turnover
Intention
Originating
BA

Originating BA
* Gender
 Moderation Process in SPSS
• Go to Analyze
• Regression,
• PROCESS, by Andrew F. Hayes
• Select Model 1
• Insert Variables in the dialog box as shown below
Independent Variable M Variable (s) Box Outcome Variable
Originating BA Gender Employee Turnover
Intention
 Moderation

Independent Originating BA
Variable
M Variable Gender
(s) Box
Outcome Employee Turnover
Variable Intention
 Case 2

Simple Mediation Analysis Applying Model 4

of PROCESS by Hayes
 Mediation

• Another way to think about this issue is that a moderator variable is

one that influences the strength of a relationship between two other
variables, and a mediator variable is one that explains the relationship
between the two other variables
 Mediation
Case Study
• To examine The Impact of Originating Ba on Employee Development
Perceptions through Individual Learning (Apply Model 4)

Individual
Learning

Employee
Originating
development
BA
perception
 Mediation
Case Study (Working in PROCESS)
• Direct Effect = Impact of Originating BA on Employee development perception= c
• Indirect Effect = a*b

Individual
Learning
a b

c Employee
Originating
development
BA
perception
 Mediation Process in SPSS
• Go to Analyze
• Regression,
• PROCESS, by Andrew F. Hayes
• Select Model 4
• Insert Variables in the dialog box as shown below
• Here in M Variable box insert Mediator
Independent Variable M Variable (s) Box Outcome Variable
Originating BA Individual Learning Employee Development Perception
 Mediation

Independent Originating BA
Variable
M Variable Individual Learning
(s) Box
Outcome Employee
Variable Development
Perception
 Case 3

Sequential Mediation Analysis Applying Model 6

of PROCESS by Hayes
 Sequential Mediation
• Multiple mediator variables can be linked sequentially, such that the indirect
effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable operates through a chain
of mediator variables. These two possibilities can be combined to form complex
causal models with. both simultaneous and sequential mediation.
• E.g., X influence Y when M1 and M2 Sequentially mediate

X M1 M2 Y
Sequential Mediation
 Sequential Mediation
Case Study
• To examine the Sequential mediation of Individual Level Learning and
Employee Development Perception the impact of Originating Ba and
Turnover Intentions (Apply Model 6)

Individual Employee
Learning development
(M1) perception
(M2)

Employee
Originating Turnover
BA (X) Intention
(Y)
 Sequential Mediation
Case Study (Working in PROCESS)
 Sequential Mediation Process in SPSS
• Go to Analyze
• Regression,
• PROCESS, by Andrew F. Hayes
• Select Model 6
• Insert Variables in the dialog box as shown below
• Here in M Variable box insert Mediators
Independent Variable M Variable (s) Box Outcome Variable
Originating BA 1. Individual Learning Employee Turnover Intention
2. Employee Development
Perception
 Sequential Mediation

Independent Originating BA
Variable
M Variable 1. Individual
(s) Box Learning
2. Employee
Development
Perception
Outcome Employee Turnover
Variable Intention
 Case 4

Mediated Moderation Analysis Applying Model 7

of PROCESS by Hayes
 Mediated Moderation
• Mediated moderation is similar
to simple mediation with the
difference that a moderating
variable influence between the
relationship of independent
variable and mediating variable
as shown in the figure.
• W is a moderator between the
impact of X on Mi
 Mediated Moderation
Case Study
• The impact of Originating Ba on Employee Development Perception
through the mediation of Individual level Learning: The moderating
role of Gender (Apply Model 7)
Gender Individual
(W) Learning
(Mi)

Employee
Originating development
BA (X) perception
(Y)
 Mediated Moderation
Case Study (Working in PROCESS)
 Mediated Moderation
• Go to Analyze
• Regression,
• PROCESS, by Andrew F. Hayes
• Select Model 7
• Insert Variables in the dialog box as shown below
• Here in M Variable box insert Mediators

Independent M Variable (s) Box Proposed Moderator W Outcome Variable

Variable
Originating BA Individual Learning Gender Employee Development
Perception
Mediated Moderation

Independent Originating BA
Variable
M Variable (s) Individual
Box Learning
Proposed Gender
Moderator W
Outcome Employee
Variable Development
Perception
 Case 5

Moderated Mediation Analysis Applying Model

14 of PROCESS by Hayes
 Moderated Mediation
• Mediated moderation is similar
to simple mediation with the
difference that a moderating
variable influence between the
relationship of mediating
variable and dependent variable
as shown in the figure.
• V is a moderator between the
impact of Y on Mi
 Mediated Moderation
Case Study
• To Examine the impact of job burnout on employee work performance
through the mediation of cyberloafing: The moderating role of Self-
Control (Apply Model 14)
Self-Control
Cyberloafing
(V)
(M)

Task
Job Burnout
Performance
(X)
(Y)
 Moderated Mediation
Case Study (Working in PROCESS)
 Moderated Mediation
• Go to Analyze
• Regression,
• PROCESS, by Andrew F. Hayes
• Select Model 14
• Insert Variables in the dialog box as shown below
• Here in M Variable box insert Mediators

Independent M Variable (s) Box Proposed Outcome

Variable Moderator V Variable
Job Burnout Cyberloafing Self-Control Task Performance
 Moderated
Mediation

Independent Job Burnout

Variable
M Variable (s) Cyberloafing
Box
Proposed Self-Control
Moderator V
Outcome Task
Variable Performance