NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI

Department of Physics
M. Tech - Non Destructive Testing

CONCRETE

PRESENTED BY
FACULTY NAME
213122007 Himanshu Saini
213122008 Karri Eswar Prasad Dr S. Manivannan
213122009 Kumar Gaurav
213122010 Mashhoor A.M.
213122011 Nitish Mishra
213122012 Pulakala Purushotham

1
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
3. TYPES OF CONCRETE
4. PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE
5. TEST ON CONCRETE STRENGTH
6. TEST FOR WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE
 DEFINITION OF CONCRETE

• Concrete is a manmade composite building material.

• Derived from the Latin word “concretus” meaning “to grow
together”.
• Concrete is the 2nd most widely consumed material in this world.
• Concrete which is fresh and not yet set is called “Fresh
Concrete" and the concrete which is fully set and hardened is
called “Hardened Concrete”
• The “Grade of Concrete” is specified by its 28 day cube strength.
(For example M20 means: M- mix, 20-characteristic compressive
strength of concrete at 28 days in MPa)
• Concrete usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood,
plastics and aluminum combined.
• Ina building construction, concrete is used for the construction of
foundations, columns, beams, slab and other load bearing
elements.
 HISTORY OF CONCRETE
3000 BC – Egyptian Pyramids
• TheEgyptians were using early forms of concrete
over 5000 years ago to build pyramids.
• Theymixed mud and straw to forms bricks and used
gypsum and lime to make mortars.
300 BC– 476 AD Roman Architecture
• The ancient Romans used a material that is remarkably close to
modern cement to build many of their architectural marvels, such
as the Colosseum, and the Pantheon. The Romans also used
animal products in their cement as an early form of admixtures.
1824-Portland Cement Invented
• Joseph Aspdin of England is Credited with the invention of modern portland
cement. He named his cement portland, after a rock quarry that produced
very strong stone.

1836-Concrete Testing
• The first test of tensile and compressive strength took place in Germany.
1850 Concrete Road
1850- The first concrete roads appeared in Austria
1865- in England
1891- in Bellefontaine, Ohio US
1889 Alvord Lake Bridge
The first concrete reinforced bridge was built in San Francisco. Alvord
Lake Bridge Still exists today, over two hundred years after it was
built!!!
1913-Ready Mix concrete
The first load of ready mix was delivered in Baltimore, Maryland. The first
patent for a concrete pump was filed. This made concrete transportation
easy and allowed on site mixing.

1928 Pre-stressed concrete

1928-Eugene Freyssinet- French civil Engineer-successfully developes pre-
stressed concrete and built two air hangars with parabolic curved shape at
Orly Airport-Paris.
CONRETE AS A STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
 ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
• Economical
• Ambient temperature
• Ability to be cast
• Energy efficient
• Excellent resistance to water
• Ability to consume waste
• Less maintenance required
 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

FRESH CONCRETE HARDENED CONCRETE

•

• Workability • Strength

• Segregation • Drying Shrinkage

• Bleeding • Durability

• Plastic shrinkage • Imperability

• Setting time
 WORKABILITY

• Workability is also defined as the amount of useful internal work necessary to produce full
compaction of concrete. Workability is the property that determines the effort required to
manipulate a freshly mixed quantity of concrete with minimum loss of homogeneity
–ASTM C 125-93

• Workability is that property of freshly mixed concrete or mortar that determines the ease and
homogeneity with which it can be mixed, placed, consolidated, and finished
–American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standard 116R-90 (ACI 1990b)
 FACTORS AFFECTING WORKABILITY

• Water Content
A group of particles requires a certain amount of water. Water is absorbed on the particle
surface, in the volumes between particles, and provides "lubrication" to help the particles move
past one another more easily. Therefore, finer particles, necessary for plastic behavior, require
more water. But increase in water results in loss of strength and possible segregation.

• Size of Aggregates
As size of aggregate is increasing ,
Surface area decreases which
means less water is required for
making paste for lubrication.so
Bigger particles have
Higher workability for fixed amount
of water
• Shape of aggregates
Irregular shape and rougher texture of angular aggregate
demand more water than the round shaped aggregate.
For fixed volume or weight, rounded or subrounded particles have
less surface area and less void and they have less friction resistance too.
Hence round shaped aggregates show higher workability than angular, flaky or
elongated aggregates.

• Surface texture of aggregates

Aggregates with smooth surfaces are more workable than
roughly textured aggregates. Roughly textured aggregates
show high friction and segregation tendency.
Besides, nonabsorbent aggregates are more workable
because porous and non-saturated aggregates demand
more water than aggregates which are nonabsorbent.
 GRADING OF AGGREGATE

Well-graded aggregates tend to fill up voids and

easily get workability. Less amount of water can make it workable. If
grading is better, there will be fewer voids and excess paste will be available
to give better lubricating effect. Due to excess paste,
the mixture gets cohesive and prevent segregation. It also makes it get
compacted easily i.e. increases the workability
SEGREGATION OF CONCRETE

Segregation refers to a separation of the

components of fresh concrete, resulting in a
non-uniform mix. This can be seen as a
separation of coarse aggregate from the
mortar, caused from either the settling of
heavy aggregate to the bottom or the
separation of the aggregate from the mix
due to improper placement.
BLEEDING

Bleeding in fresh concrete refers to the

process where free water in the mix is
pushed upward to the surface due to the
settlement of heavier solid particles such
as cement and water
PLASTIC SHRINKAGE

Plastic shrinkage occurs in a freshly

mixed concrete, with loss of water by
evaporation from its surface, after
placing and before hardening of the
concrete. This can lead to plastic
shrinkage cracking if the rate of
evaporation is higher than that of the
bleeding water rising to the surface of
the concrete.
 SETTING TIME

The time in which cement can be moulded The time in which cement completely loses its
into any desired shape without losing its plasticity completely and gets hardened
strength
 STRENGTH
The strength of concrete is basically referred to
compressive strength and it depends upon three
factors.
i. Paste strength:
It is mainly due to the binding properties of cement
that the ingredients are compacted together. If the
paste has higher binding strength, higher will be
strength of concrete.
ii. Interfacial bonding:
Interfacial bonding is very necessary regarding the
strength. Clay hampers the bonding between paste
and aggregate. The aggregate should be washed for a
better bonding between paste and aggregate.
iii. Aggregate strength:
It is mainly the aggregate that provide strength to
concrete especially coarse aggregates which act just
like bones in the body. Rough and angular aggregate
provides better bonding and high strength.
 DRYING SHRINKAGE
• Drying shrinkage is a consequence of loss of moisture from hardened concrete to the
environment. Due to the emptying of the fine pores in the concrete, negative capillary
pressure develops, which causes a volume reduction of the concrete.
 Durability of Concrete

Environmental forces such as weathering,

chemical attack, heat, freezing
and thawing try to destroy concrete. The
period of existance of concrete without
getting adversely affected by these forces
is known as durability.
 IMPERMEABILITY
• This is the resistance of concrete to the flow
of water through its pores. Excess water
during concreting leaves a large number of
continuous pores leading to the permeability.
• Since the permeability reduces the durability
of concrete, it should be kept very low by
using low water cement ratio, dense and well
graded aggregates, good compaction and
continuous curing at low temperature
conditions.
 TYPES OF CONCRETE
• Plain or ordinary concrete
• The plain concrete will have no reinforcement in it.

• The main constituents are the cement, aggregates, and water.

• Most commonly used mix design is 1:2:4 which is the normal mix design.

• The density of the plain concrete will vary between 2200 and 2500 Kg/meter cube.

• The compressive strength is 200 to 500 kg/cm 2.

• These types of concrete are mainly used in the construction of the pavements and the
buildings, especially in areas where there is less demand of high tensile strength.

• The durability given by these type of concrete is satisfactory to high extent.

Normal strength concrete

• The concrete that is obtained by mixing the basic ingredients cement, water and
aggregate will give us normal strength concrete.

• The strength of these type of concrete will vary from 10 MPa to 40 MPa.

• The normal strength concrete has an initial setting time of 30 to 90 minutes that is
dependent on the cement properties and the weather conditions of the construction site.

• Normal strength concrete is typically used for pavements, home construction projects,
and buildings that don’t require maximum tensile strength.
Reinforced concrete
• The reinforced concrete is defined as the concrete to which reinforcement is introduced to bear the tensile
strength.

• Plain concrete is weak in tension and good in compression. Hence the placement of reinforcement will take up
the responsibility of bearing the tensile stresses.

• R.C.C works with the combined action of the plain concrete and the reinforcement.

• The steel reinforcement used in the concrete can be in the form of rods, bars or in the form of meshes.

• Fiber reinforced concrete are concrete that use fibers (steel fibers) as reinforcement for the concrete .
 Prestressed Concrete
• This is a special technique in which the bars or the tendons used in the concrete is stressed before the
actual service load application.

• This phenomenon of prestressing will make the lower section of the concrete member to be stronger
against the tension.

• These are used in the application of bridges, heavy loaded structures, and roof with longer spans.
 Precast Concrete
• Precast concrete is a product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or form which is then cured in a
controlled environment and then transported to the construction site and assembled in the required place.

• The examples of precast concrete units are concrete blocks, the staircase units, precast walls and poles,
concrete lintels and many other elements.

• These units have the advantage of acquiring speedy construction.

• As the manufacturing is done at site, quality is assured. The only precaution taken is for their transportation.

• Precast concrete units form a part of a new technique called prefabricate construction.
 Lightweight Concrete

• Concrete that have a density lesser than 1920kg/m 3 is categorized as lightweight concrete.

• The use of lightweight aggregates in concrete design will give lightweight aggregates.

• Aggregates are the important element that contributes to the density of the concrete.

• The examples of light weight aggregates are the pumice, perlites, and scoria.

• The light weight concrete is applied for the protection of the steel structures and are also used for
the construction of the long span bridge decks.
 High-Density Concrete
• The concretes that have densities ranging between 3000 to 4000 kg/m 3 can be called as the
heavyweight concrete.

• Here heavy weight aggregates are used. The crushed rocks are used as the coarse aggregates. The
most commonly used heavy weight aggregates is Barytes. These types of aggregates are most
commonly used in the construction of atomic power plants and for similar projects.

• The heavy weight aggregate will help the structure to resist all possible type of radiations.
  Air Entrained Concrete

• These are concrete types into which air is intentionally entrained for an amount
of 3 to 6% of the concrete.

• The air entrainment in the concrete is achieved by the addition of foams or gas
- foaming agents.

• Some examples of air entraining agents are resins, alcohols, and fatty acids. 
 Ready Mix Concrete

• The concrete that mix and bathed in a central mixing plant is called as ready-mix concrete.

• The mixed concrete is brought to the site with the help of a truck-mounted transit mixer.

• This once reached in the site can be used directly without any further treatment.

• The manufacture of these concrete will require a centralized mixing plant.

  Polymer Concrete
• When compared with the conventional concrete, in polymer concrete the aggregates will be
bound with the polymer instead of cement.

• The aggregates are graded and mixed accordingly to achieve minimum voids hence maximum
density. 

• Polymer concrete has a good resistance to corrosion which is why it is used in swimming pools,
sewer structures, and other structures that come into close contact with liquids and corrosion-
causing chemicals.
 High-Strength Concrete

• The concretes that have strength greater than 40MPa can be termed as high strength concrete.

• This increased strength is achieved by decreasing the water-cement ratio even lower than 0.35.

• The calcium hydroxide crystals that are the major concern product during hydration for the
strength properties is reduced by the incorporation of silica fume.

• In terms of performance, the high strength concrete is less performing in terms of workability
which is an issue.
Glass Concrete

• The recycled glass can be used as aggregates in concrete.

• Thus, we get a concrete of modern times, the glass concrete.

• This concrete will increase the aesthetic appeal of the concrete.

• They also provide long-term strength and better thermal insulation also. 
PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Reinforced Concrete
• Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension.
• Steel is strong in tension.
• Reinforced concrete is a composite material that uses
concrete to resist compression, hold bars in position,
and use steel to resist tension.
• Reinforced steels are used wherever tensile stress is
expected, to control cracking or structural failure.
• Tensile stress of concrete is neglected (i.e. zero).
• R.C beams allow cracks under service loads.
 What is Pre-stressed Concrete?
• Internal stresses are induced to counteract external stresses
• Involves the application of forces that tends to bend and compress a concrete element to
counteract bending result from loading.
• The tensioning of high-strength "tendons" located within or adjacent to the concrete is
done to improve the performance of the concrete in service
• This process reduces the tensile stress in the concrete element to a point till the tensile
stress is below the cracking stress.
• The concrete can be visualized to have two forces.
I. Internal prestressing force.
II. External forced (d.l, l.l. etc).

• These two forces must counteract each other.

Pre-tensioned concrete
• Tendons are tensioned prior to the concrete being cast.
• The beams or elements are constructed on a stressing bed and stranded cable is placed
between two buttresses anchored to stressing bed which hold the force in stretched cable.
• After stretching the steel and concrete are placed around the cable and bonds to the steel
as it hardens.
• When the concrete reaches sufficient strength, pre-stressed forces are transformed to
concrete when the steel strand is cut loose from the buttresses.
• In this technique concrete element is manufactured remotely from the final
structure location and transported to the site once cured.
• Minimum 28-day cylinder strength of 5000 psi concrete must be used.
 Post-tensioned concrete
• Tendons are tensioned after the surrounding concrete structure has been cast.
• Metal or plastic ducts are placed inside the concrete before casting
• After the concrete is hardened and had enough strength, the tendon are placed inside the duct, stressed,
anchored against concrete.
• Grout may be injected into the duct later to bond the tendon with concrete.
• The application of stressing forces to the structure is done at the job site
Post-tensioning Anchor
 Advantages Disadvantages
• Take full advantage of high-strength steel and high- • Need high-quality materials.
strength concrete.
• Advanced technical knowledge and strict
• Need fewer materials. supervision is important.
• Small and lighter structures.
• More expensive
• Highly skilled labor is needed.
• Longer span for the same structural depth.
• Need specialized construction machinery like
• Very effective for deflection control jacks, anchors, etc.
• Fewer joints.
• Thin slabs which are especially important in high-
rise buildings
APPLICATION
S Incheon Bridge
South Korea
Kai Tak Terminal
Hong Kong 2013

• Bridges
• Dams
• Slabs in buildings Ocean Heights 2, Dubai Capital Gate, Abu Dhabi CN Tower
335m 2016 18° lean 2010
• Water tanks Toronto, Canada

• Thin shell structures

• Offshore platform
• Nuclear power plant
TESTS ON CONCRETE STRENGTH
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
• Water - cement ratio, cement strength , quality of concrete material , quality control during production of concrete etc..
• By this single test one judge that whether Concreting has been done properly or not.
• Required grade and mix ratio of concrete - strength comparison.
• Mixing

 Gradual load - 140 kg/cm2 per minute

till the Specimens fails.

• Curing of Cubes :- The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24 hours and after this period the specimens are
marked and removed from the molds and kept submerged in clear freshwater until taken out prior to the test.
• Temperature of water for curing must be at 27±2°C.
• Age of Test - Compressive strength achieved by concrete at 7 days is about 65% , at 14 days is about 90% and at
28 days 99%of the target strength.
• Minimum three specimens should be tested at each selected age. If the strength of any specimen varies by more
than 15 percent of average strength, the results of such specimens should be rejected. The average of three
specimens gives the crushing strength of concrete. The strength requirements of concrete.
 TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
 INTERFACIAL TRANSITION ZONE (weakest link in structure) - aggregate transfers
the load from one to another under compression where as the aggregates
are trying to pull away from each other under tension.

 Uniaxial Tensile Testing - one of the most difficult and complicated tests

to perfume on concrete but gives the true tensile strength of concrete.
 TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
 SPLIT CYLINDER TEST
• A concrete cylinder is placed horizontally 
between loading surfaces and loaded along
its diameter.
• This loading results in producing lateral tensile
stress in the cylinder and its splits in tension along
its diameter. Refer to ASTM C 496 for the split
cylinder test procedure.
• A constant load range of 1.2 MPa/min to
2.4 Mpa/min.
• Tensile strength of split cylinder = 2P / πDL
 TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST (modulus of
rupture)
• Beam mould of size 15 x 15x 70 cm (when size of aggregate is less than 38 mm) or of size 10 x 10 x 50 cm (when
size of aggregate is less than 19 mm)
• Tamping bar (40 cm long, weighing 2 kg and tamping section having size of 25 mm x 25 mm)
• Distance between the supports(L) – 60 cm (15cm specimen) & 40 cm (10cm specimen)

• Load applied at a rate of - 400 kg/min (15 cm specimen) & 180 kg/min (10 cm specimen)
• M.R = PD / bd^2
• M.R = 3Pa / bd^2 (if the fracture outside by not more than 5% of span length)
• According to IS:456:2000 , M.R = 0.7 √ fck
 REBOUND HAMMER TEST
(NDT)
PULL – OUT TEST

PULL – OFF TEST

 PENETRATION RESISTANCE TEST

 SURFACE HARDNESS TEST

 ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST

 TEST FOR WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE

1. SLUMP TEST

• Concrete slump test or slump cone test is to determine the workability or consistency of concrete
mix prepared at the laboratory or the construction site during the progress of the work.
• Concrete slump test is carried out from batch to batch to check the uniform quality of concrete
during construction.
• The slump test is the most simple workability test for concrete, involves low cost and provides
immediate results.
• Due to this fact, it has been widely used for workability tests since 1922.
• Generally concrete slump value is used to find the workability, which indicates water-cement
ratio, but there are various factors including properties of materials, mixing methods, dosage,
admixtures etc. also affect the concrete slump value.
 Factors which influence the concrete slump test:

• Material properties like chemistry, fineness, particle size distribution, moisture content and
temperature of cementitious materials. Size, texture, combined grading, cleanliness and
moisture content of the aggregates.
• Chemical admixtures dosage, type, combination, interaction, sequence of addition and its
effectiveness,
• Air content of concrete,
• Concrete batching, mixing and transporting methods and equipment,
• Temperature of the concrete,
• Sampling of concrete, slump-testing technique and the condition of test equipment,
• The amount of free water in the concrete, and
 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR SLUMP TEST

1. Mould for slump test i.e. slump cone

2. non porous base plate
3. Measuring scale
4. Temping rod.

Slump cone: mould for the test is in the form of the frustum
of a cone having height 30 cm, bottom diameter 20 cm and
top diameter 10 cm. The tamping rod is of steel 16 mm
diameter and 60cm long and rounded at one end.
Fig: Measuring slump of concrete
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the internal surface of the mould and apply oil.
2. Place the mould on a smooth horizontal non- porous base plate.
3. Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4 approximately equal layers.
4. Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in a uniform manner over the cross
section of the mould. For the subsequent layers, the tamping should penetrate into the underlying layer.
5. Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a trowel.
6. Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mould and the base plate.
7. Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.
8. Measure the slump as the difference between the height of the mould and that of height point of the
specimen being tested.

Fig: Slump test procedure

 Types of Concrete Slump Test Results
•True Slump – True slump is the only slump that can be measured in the test. The measurement is taken
between the top of the cone and the top of the concrete after the cone has been removed as shown in
figure-1.
•Zero Slump – Zero slump is the indication of very low water-cement ratio, which results in dry mixes.
These type of concrete is generally used for road construction.
•Collapsed Slump – This is an indication that the water-cement ratio is too high, i.e. concrete mix is too
wet or it is a high workability mix, for which a slump test is not appropriate.
•Shear Slump – The shear slump indicates that the result is incomplete, and concrete to be retested.

Fig: Types of Concrete Slump Test Results

 2. FLOW TABLE TEST

• As the name suggests, in this test the workability of concrete is determined by examining the flowing
property of concrete.
• Flow table test of concrete also determines the Quality of Concrete concerning its consistency,
cohesiveness and the proneness to segregation.

APPARATUS

1. Flow table made of metal having thickness 1.5mm and dimensions

750mmx 750mm,
2. tamping rod made of hardwood,
3. Scoop,
4. Centimetre Scale,
5. Metal Cone or mould (Lower Dia = 20cm, upper Dia = 13 cm, Height
of Cone = 20cm). The middle portion of flow table is marked with a
concentric circle of dia 200mm to place a metal cone on it.
Fig: Flow test apparatus
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare concrete as per mix design and place the flow table on a horizontal surface.
2. Clean the dust or other gritty material on Flow table and Sprinkle a hand of water on it.
3. Now place the metal cone at the middle portion of the flow table and stand on it.
4. Pour the freshly mixed concrete in the mould comprising two layers; each layer should be tamped with
tamping rod for 25times. After tamping the last layer, the overflowed concrete on the cone is struck off
using a trowel.
5. Slowly, lift the mould vertically up & let concrete stand on its own without any support.
6. The flow table is raised at the height of 12.5mm and dropped. The same is repeated for 15times.
7. Measure the spread of concrete in Diameter using centimetre scale horizontally and vertically. The
arithmetic mean of the two diameters shall be the measurement of flow in millimetres.
 3. COMPACTION FACTOR TEST
• Compaction factor test is the workability test for concrete conducted in laboratory.
• The compaction factor is the ratio of weights of partially compacted to fully compacted concrete.
• It was developed by Road Research Laboratory in United Kingdom and is used to determine the
workability of concrete.
• The compaction factor test is used for concrete which have low workability for which slump test is not
suitable.

Fig: Compaction test apparatus

PROCEDURE

1. Place the concrete sample gently in the upper hopper to its brim using the hand scoop and
level it.
2. Cover the cylinder.
3. Open the trapdoor at the bottom of the upper hopper so that concrete fall into the lower
hopper. Push the concrete sticking on its sides gently with the road.
4. Open the trapdoor of the lower hopper and allow the concrete to fall into the cylinder below.
5. Cut of the excess of concrete above the top level of cylinder using trowels and level it.
6. Clean the outside of the cylinder.
7. Weight the cylinder with concrete to the nearest 10 g. This weight is known as the weight of
partially compacted concrete (W1).
8. Empty the cylinder and then refill it with the same concrete mix in layers approximately 5 cm
deep, each layer being heavily rammed to obtain full compaction.
9. Level the top surface.
10. Weigh the cylinder with fully compacted. This weight is known as the weight of fully
compacted concrete (W2).
11. Find the weight of empty cylinder (W).
Compaction Factor Value= (W1-W) / (W2-W)

Compaction factor of the concrete = The Compaction factor values ranges from 0.7 to 0.95.
 4. KELLY BALL TEST

Kelly ball test also called as a ball penetration test is performed on freshly mixed concrete to
measure its workability. It is a quick simple field test and is considered as an alternative to the
slump test.

APPRATUS
The Kelly ball apparatus is as shown in figure,
• It consists of a metal ball which is in hemispherical
shape and weighs about 13.6 kilograms (30 pounds).
The diameter of the metal ball is about 15 cm (6
inches).
• The flat end of the metal ball is attached to a graduated
stem with handle.
• A frame is arranged between the ball and stem in such a
way that the stem can slide through it when the ball
moves vertically.
• The frame generally rests on the concrete surface Fig: Kelly ball apparatus
during testing.
PROCEDURE

1. A large amount of freshly mixed concrete is taken and is poured into a container.
2. The container should be more than wide enough to place the Kelly ball apparatus in it.
3. The depth of poured concrete should be at least 20 cm.
4. Level the concrete surface using suitable equipment.
5. Place the Kelly ball apparatus on the levelled concrete surface using handle provided.
6. The apparatus should be placed in such a way that the frame should rest on the concrete surface and also the
centre of the metal ball should be at least 23 cm away from any edge of the container.
7. Now release the handle and allow the ball to penetrate through concrete and note down the penetration value by
observing the reading on the graduated stem. The observation should be taken to the nearest 0.6 cm (1/4 inch).
8. Repeat the above procedure for 4 more times by placing the apparatus at different points on the same test
sample.
9. The workability of concrete is the average value of all the readings obtained.
ADVANTAGES

• This test can be performed in the field.

• It is quicker and precise test compared to the slump
test.

DISADVANTAGES

• A large amount of test sample is required to

perform the test.
• The test sample of concrete must be levelled to
Fig: Performing Kelly ball test in real time
perform the test.
• This test may not give accurate results when large
size coarse aggregates are used in the concrete.
• Hence, it is not widely used in many countries.
References
• https://theconstructor.org/concrete/types-concrete-applications/19779/
• https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestressed_concrete
• http://www.planete-tp.com/en/the-properties-of-hardened-concrete-a233.html
THANK YOU