Anemi

a
Supervisor: DR. Abeer Abdelmohsen Elsayed
 Definatio
n
Anemia is a condition in which you
lack enough healthy red blood cells to
carry adequate oxygen to your body's
tissues. Having anemia, also referred
to as low hemoglobin, can make you
feel tired and weak.
There are many forms of anemia, each
with its own cause. Anemia can be
temporary or long term and can range
from mild to severe. In most cases,
anemia has more than one cause. See
your doctor if you suspect that you
have anemia. It can be a warning sign
of serious illness.
 types
Vitamin deficie
ncy
Aplastic anemia
anemia
Thalassemia

Iron deficiency
anemia
Sickle cell anemia
 symptoms
Anemia signs and symptoms vary depending on the cause and severity of
anemia. Depending on the causes of your anemia, you might have no
symptoms.
Signs and symptoms, if they do occur, might include:

Dizziness
Fatigue Irregular
Cold hands heartbeats
and feet
Pale or Shortness of
yellowish skin breath
Chest pain
Causes of anemia
Anemia can be due to a condition present at
birth (congenital) or to a condition you
develop (acquired). Anemia occurs when your
blood doesn't have enough red blood cells.
This can happen if:
• Your body doesn't make enough red blood cells
• Bleeding causes you to lose red blood cells
more quickly than they can be replaced
• Your body destroys red blood cells
 Causes of anemia
Different types of anemia have different causes. They include

Iron deficiency anemia. This most common type of anemia is caused by

a shortage of iron in your body. Your bone marrow needs iron to
make hemoglobin. Without adequate iron, your body can't produce
enough hemoglobin for red blood cells.
Without iron supplementation, this type of anemia occurs in many
pregnant women. It's also caused by blood loss, such as from heavy
menstrual bleeding; an ulcer in the stomach or small bowel; cancer of
the large bowel; and regular use of some pain relievers that are
available without a prescription, especially aspirin, which can cause
inflammation of the stomach lining resulting in blood loss. It's
important to determine the source of iron deficiency to prevent
recurrence of the anemia.
 Vitamin deficiency anemia. 
Besides iron, your body needs folate and
vitamin B-12 to produce enough healthy red
blood cells. A diet lacking in these and other
key nutrients can cause decreased red blood
cell production. Some people who consume
enough B-12 aren't able to absorb the
vitamin. This can lead to vitamin deficiency
anemia, also known as pernicious anemia.
 Anemia of inflammation. 
Certain diseases — such as
cancer, HIV/AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis,
kidney disease, Crohn's disease and other
acute or chronic inflammatory diseases —
can interfere with the production of red
blood cells.
 Sickle cell anemia. This inherited
and sometimes serious condition
is a hemolytic anemia. It's caused
by a defective form of hemoglobin
that forces red blood cells to
assume an abnormal crescent
(sickle) shape. These irregular
blood cells die prematurely,
resulting in a chronic shortage of
red blood cells.
Anemia associated with bone marrow
disease. A variety of diseases, such as
leukemia and myelofibrosis, can cause
anemia by affecting blood production in
your bone marrow. The effects of these
types of cancer and cancer-like disorders
vary from mild to life-threatening.
Hemolytic anemia. This group of anemia
develops when red blood cells are destroyed
faster than bone marrow can replace them.
Certain blood diseases increase red blood
cell destruction. You can inherit a
hemolytic anemia, or you can develop it
later in life

A diet lacking in certain
vitamins and minerals. A diet
consistently low in iron,
vitamin B-12, folate and copper
increases your risk of anemia.
Chronic conditions. If you
have cancer, kidney failure or
Family history. If your family
another chronic condition, you
has a history of an inherited
could be at risk of anemia of
chronic disease. These anemia, such as sickle cell
conditions can lead to a anemia, you also might be at
shortage of red blood cells. increased risk of the condition.

Pregnancy. Being
pregnant and not taking Risk Age. People over
age 65 are at
a multivitamin with folic
acid and iron, increases
your risk of anemia.
factors increased risk of
anemia.
Menstruation. In general, women who
haven't had menopause have a greater Intestinal disorders. Having an
risk of iron deficiency anemia than do intestinal disorder that affects the
men and postmenopausal women. absorption of nutrients in your
small intestine — such as Crohn's
Menstruation causes the loss of red disease puts you at risk of anemia.
blood cells.
 Anemia treatment depends on the cause.
Iron deficiency anemia. Treatment for this
form of anemia usually involves taking iron
supplements and changing your diet. For some involves dietary supplements and
people, this might involve receiving iron
through a vein.
Traetment
If the cause of iron deficiency is loss
of blood — other than from
menstruation — the source of the
bleeding must be located and the
bleeding stopped. This might involve
surgery.
Vitamin deficiency anemia. Treatment
for folic acid and vitamin C deficiency
increasing these nutrients in your
diet.
If your digestive system has trouble
absorbing vitamin B-12 from the food
you eat, you might need vitamin B-12
shots. At first, you might have the
shots every other day. Eventually,
you'll need shots just once a month,
possibly for life, depending on your
situation.
 Anemia treatment depends on the cause.

Anemia of chronic disease. There's no Hemolytic anemia. Managing hemolytic

specific treatment for this type of anemia includes avoiding suspect

anemia. Doctors focus on treating the medications, treating infections and

underlying disease. taking drugs that suppress your immune

system,
Traetment
If symptoms become severe, a blood
which could be attacking your red
transfusion or injections of a
blood cells. Severe hemolytic anemia
synthetic hormone normally produced
generally needs ongoing treatment.
by your kidneys (erythropoietin)
might help stimulate red blood cell
production and ease fatigue.
 Anemia treatment depends on the cause.
Anemia associated with bone
marrow disease. Treatment of
these various diseases can include
medication, chemotherapy or bone
marrow transplantation.
Traetment
Aplastic anemia. Treatment for
this anemia can include blood
transfusions to boost levels of red
blood cells. You might need a
bone marrow transplant if your
bone marrow can't make healthy
blood cells.
Sickle cell anemia. Treatment might include
oxygen, pain relievers, and oral and
intravenous fluids to reduce pain and
prevent complications. Doctors might also
recommend blood transfusions, folic acid
supplements and antibiotics. A cancer drug
called hydroxyurea (Droxia, Hydrea, Siklos)
also is used to treat sickle cell anemia.
Thalassemia. Most forms of thalassemia
are mild and require no treatment. More-
severe forms of thalassemia generally require
blood transfusions, folic acid supplements,
medication, removal of the spleen, or a
blood and bone marrow stem cell transplant.
Thanks for attention