Serial Sinkron

SPI & I2C Interface

Teknik Antarmuka Komputer

Antarmuka Serial Sinkron
I2C

SPI
Antarmuka Serial Asinkron
Comparison of Serial Interfaces
Outline
• What is SPI?
• SPI Configuration
• SPI Operation
• Master Slave Setup
• SPI Transactions
• SPI Peripheral Types
• SPI and Microcontrollers
• ESBUS
 SPI
(Serial Peripheral Interface)
• Developed by Motorola
•Also known as MicroWire (National
Semiconductor), QSPI (Queued), MicrowirePlus
•Synchronous Serial Communication
SPI Bus
 SPI Configuration
• Primarily used for serial
communication between a
host processor and
peripherals.
• Can also connect 2
processors via SPI
• SPI works in a master slave
configuration with the
master being the host
microcontroller for example
and the slave being the
peripheral
SPI Operation
• For SPI, there are Serial Clocks (SCLK), Chip Select lines (CS),
Serial Data In (SDI) and Serial Data Out( SDO)
• There is only one master, there number of slaves depends
on the number of chip select lines of the master.
• Synchronous operation, latch on rising or falling edge of
clock, SDI on rising edge, SDO on falling edge
• Operates in 1 to 2 MHz range
• Master sends out clocks and chip selects. Activates the
slaves it wants to communicate with
Master Slave Setup
• Multiple Independent Slave
• In this setup, there are 3 slave devices. The SDO lines are
Configuration
tied together to the SDI line of the master.
• The master determines which chip it is talking to by the CS
lines. For the slaves that are not being talked to, the data
output goes to a Hi Z state
Master Slave Setup
Multiple slave cascaded

• In this example, each slave is cascaded so that the

output of one slave is the input of another. When
cascading, they are treated as one slave and
connecting to the same chip select
SPI Timing Diagram
EEPROM Read
SPI Transaction
SPI Peripheral Types
• Converters (ADC, DAC)
• Memories (EEPROM, RAM’s,Flash)
• Sensors (Temperature, Humidity, Pressure)
• Real Time Clocks
• Misc- Potentiometers, LCD controllers, UART’s, USB
controller, CAN controller,amplifiers
Peripherals
• Vendors that make these peripherals :
• Atmel –EEPROM, Dig. POT’s
• Infineon- Pressure Sensors, Humidity Sensors
• Maxim- ADC, DAC, UART,
• TI- DSP’s, ADC, DAC
• National Semiconductor- Temperature Sensors,
LCD/USB controllers
SPI and Microcontrollers
• Motorola 68HC12 Has SPI built in hardware. Easy
to integrate. See EE583

• Intel 8051 Depending on Models, Most Cygnal

products have I2C and some have SPI also built in
hardware for easy integration.
PIM_9C32
Block Diagram

SPI module
$DA
$D8
The SPI module
SPIxCON register
Initializing SPI2
 Pin 12 of PORTD is connected to the memory chip select (CS):
#define CSEE _RD12 // select line for Serial EEPROM
#define TCSEE _TRISD12 // tris control for CSEE pin
 Peripheral initialization:
// 1. init the SPI peripheral
TCSEE = 0; // make SSEE pin output
CSEE = 1; // de-select the Serial EEPROM
SPI2CON1 = SPI_MASTER; // select mode
SPI2STAT = SPI_ENABLE; // enable the peripheral
 Where:
#define SPI_MASTER 0x0120 // 8-bit master mode, CKE=1, CKP =0
#define SPI_ENABLE 0x8000 // enable SPI port, clear status
 A small function that will be used to transfer data to and from the serial EEPROM device:
// send one byte of data and receive one back at the same time
int WriteSPI2( int data)
{
SPI2BUF = data; // write to buffer for TX
while( !SPI2STATbits.SPIRBF); // wait transfer completion
return SPI2BUF; // read the received value
} // WriteSPI2
 The 25LC256 Serial EEPROM
// 25LC256 Serial EEPROM commands
#define SEE_WRSR 1 // write status register
#define SEE_WRITE 2 // write command
#define SEE_READ 3 // read command
#define SEE_WDI 4 // write disable
#define SEE_STAT 5 // read status register
#define SEE_WEN 6 // write enable
25LC256 Status Register

// 2. Check the Serial EEPROM status

CSEE = 0; // select the Serial EEPROM
writeSPI2( SEE_STAT); // send a READ STATUS COMMAND
i = writeSPI2( 0); // send/receive
CSEE = 1; // deselect, terminate command

// 2.1 send a Write Enable command

CSEE = 0; // select the Serial EEPROM
WriteSPI2( SEE_WEN); // write enable command
CSEE = 1; // deselect, terminate command
Writing to the EEPROM
// send a Write command
CSEE = 0; // select the Serial EEPROM
WriteSPI2( SEE_WRITE); // write command
WriteSPI2( addr_MSB); // address MSB first
WriteSPI2( addr_LSB); // address LSB (word aligned)
WriteSPI2( data); // send 8-bit of data
// continue writing more data…
CSEE = 1;

// wait until any work in progress is completed

while ( ReadSR() & 0x1); // check the WIP flag
Reading from the EEPROM
// perform a read sequence
CSEE = 0; // select the Serial EEPROM
WriteSPI2( SEE_READ); // read command
WriteSPI2( addr_MSB); // address MSB first
WriteSPI2( addr_LSB); // address LSB (word aligned)
data = WriteSPI2( 0); // send dummy, read msb
// continue reading a second byte, a third…
CSEE = 1;
I2C
I2C Interface Examples
A few examples of devices using the I2C interface :
 1Mbit Serial EEPROMS: 24xx1025
 18-bit delta sigma ADCs: MCP3421
 16-bit delta sigma ADCs: MCP3425
 12-bit SAR ADCs:MCP3221
 12-bit D/A: MCP4725
 Integrated Temperature Sensor (+/-0.5C): MCP9803
 I/O Expander 8/16-bit: MCP23016/MCP2308

Consider additionally:
 Battery gauges
 Audio codecs
 GPS receivers
 LCD displays controllers
 Card readers
 I2C Data Transfer Rules

Two simple rules dictate how to operate from here:

 When the SCL line is low, and only at this time, the SDA line can change.
 When the SCL line is high, the SDA line status indicates the value of a bit.
Two exceptions to rule 1 create special conditions that are used to delimit the
beginning and end of each transaction between two devices on the bus. When
SCL is high:
 A START condition is indicated by the SDA line changing from high to low
 A STOP condition is indicated by the SDA line changing from low to high
The 24LC00 Serial EEPROM
I2C has been for years the favorite choice for serial EEPROM users and
manufacturers for two reasons:
 Only two pins (I/Os) are required to communicate with the device, enabling the
embedded control designer to use very low pin count (inexpensive)
microcontrollers.
 Just four pads (areas of contacts on the chip) are required for a Serial EEPROM
device. Two provide the power supply and the remaining two are the I 2C lines.
This reduces the silicon area overhead due to the contacts on a typically very
small device -- hence the high impact/cost of the pads.
In practice most I2C serial EEPROMs have at least a fifth contact/pin (WP) to protect
the device contents by disabling writing.
Talking to the Serial EEPROM
The SEE Grammar

Using the following simple notation:

 S = START sequence
 P = STOP sequence
 A/N = Acknowledge bit
 0xXX= data byte (hex notation)
 0bXXXXXXXX =data byte (in binary notation)
 and using brackets () to indicate parts of the conversation produced by a slave we can represent a
typical I2C protocol message in a compact notation

Here is an example of a read command sequence for a 24LC00 (128 bit) SEE:
 S 0b01010001 (A) (Data) NP
 A Write Example
 S 0b01010000 (A) ByteAddress (A) Data (A) P
I2CxCON register
 Initializing the I2C module
void InitSEE( long fcy)
// fcy = processor operating frequency in Hz (system clock)
{ // Configure I2C for 7 bit address mode 100kHz
 
OpenI2C1( I2C_ON | I2C_IDLE_CON | I2C_7BIT_ADD | I2C_STR_EN
| I2C_GCALL_DIS | I2C_SM_DIS | I2C_IPMI_DIS,
(fcy /(2*BUS_FRQ))-1);
IdleI2C1();
T1CON=0x8030;
TMR1=0;
while( TMR1< 100);
} //InitSEE
Sending the Address

int addressSEE( long add)   if (I2C1STATbits.ACKSTAT==0)

// send the address selection command break;
// repeat if SEE busy   StopI2C1();
{ IdleI2C1();
int cmd; } // while waiting for ACK
  // 1. Form SEE command + address msb   // 3. send byte address
(3)
MasterWriteI2C1( add);
cmd= 0xA0|((add>>7)&0xE);
IdleI2C1();
  // 2. WRITE(!) the Address msb
  // 4. exit returning the cmd
// try send command and repeat until ACK byte
is received
return cmd;
while( 1)
} // addressSEE
{
StartI2C1();
IdleI2C1();
  // send command and address msb(3)
MasterWriteI2C1( cmd+WRITE_CMD);
IdleI2C1();
Logic Analyzer Capture
Writing a 16-bit value
S 0b01010000 (A) ByteAddress (A) DataLSB (A) DataMSB (A) P

void iWriteSEE( long add, int v)

// SEE write command sequence
{
int cmd;
 
// 1. select address
cmd = AddressSEE( add);
 
// 2. stream data out
MasterWriteI2C1( v&0xFF);
IdleI2C1();
  MasterWriteI2C1( v>>8);
IdleI2C1();
  // 3. terminate the command sequence
StopI2C1();
IdleI2C1();
 
} // iWriteSEE
Reading a 16-bit value
Address Selection
S 0b01010000 (A) ByteAddress(A) P
S 0b01010001 (A) (DataLSB) [A] (Data MSB) NP

int iReadSEE( long add)  

Data Read
// random access read command sequence AckI2C1(); IdleI2C1();
{ r|= (MasterReadI2C1()<<8);
int cmd, r;  
  // 1. select address // 4. terminate read sequence (send NACK
then STOP)
cmd = AddressSEE( add);
NotAckI2C1(); IdleI2C1();
  StopI2C1();
StopI2C1(); IdleI2C1();
IdleI2C1();
 
  // 2. read command
return r;
StartI2C1(); IdleI2C1();
} // iReadSEE
MasterWriteI2C1( cmd+READ_CMD);
IdleI2C1();
  // 3. stream data in (will continue
until NACK is sent)
r= MasterReadI2C1( );
Notes for the PIC MCU Experts
In addition to the SPI options available on most PIC microcontroller (offered by the
SSP and MSSP modules), such as:
Selectable clock polarity
Selectable clock edge
Master or Slave mode operation
The PIC24 SPI interface module adds several new capabilities, including:
A 16-bit transfer mode
Data input sampling phase selection
Framed transmission mode
Frame synch pulse control (polarity and edge selectable)
Enhanced Mode (8 deep transmit and receive FIFOs)
Using the new Enhanced Mode, with 8 levels deep FIFOs , up to 8 words of data (16
bytes) can be written or retrieved from the SPI buffers in short bursts, leaving more
time to the CPU to process the data in between.
 Tips and Tricks
Safety measures suggested to reduce the risk of SEE data corruption:
Ensure adequate power supply decoupling (a capacitor) is provided
close to the memory device.
A pull up resistor (10k Ohm) is provided on the Chip Select line, to
avoid floating during the microcontroller power up and reset.
An additional pull down resistor (10k Ohm) can be provided on the
SCK clock line to avoid clocking of the peripheral during boundary
scan and other board testing procedures.
Verify clean and fast power-up and down slope are provided to the
microcontroller to guarantee reliable Power On Reset operation. If
necessary add an external voltage supervisor (see MCP809 devices
for example).
Tips and Tricks
A number of software methods can be employed to prevent a program bug might
trigger the write routine:
Avoid reading and especially updating the NVM content right after power up. Allow
a few milliseconds for the power supply to stabilize (application dependent).
Add a software write-enable flag, and demand that the calling application set the
flag before calling the write routine, possibly after verifying some essential
application specific entry condition.
Add a stack level counter; each function in the stack of calls implemented by the
library should increments the counter upon entry and decrement it on exit. The
write routine should refuse to perform if the counter is not at the expected level.
Some refuse to use the NVM memory locations corresponding to the first address
(0x0000) and/or the last address (0xffff) believing they could be more likely to be the
subject to corruption.
Store two copies of each essential piece of data, performing two separate calls to
the write routine. If each copy contains even a simple checksum, it will be easy,
when reading it back, to discard the corrupted one and recover.
Suggested Excercises
 Several functions in the library are performing locking loops that could reduce
the overall application performance. By utilizing the SPI port interrupts
implement a non blocking version of the library.
 Enable the new SPI 16-bit mode to accelerate basic read and write operation.
 Develop (circular) buffered versions of the read and write functions.