MATH 107

(Modern Geometry)
2nd Semester 2022-2023

by:
NORMAN C. CABIGAS
Course Material Writer and Reviewer
 Course Material 1 CLASSICAL EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
CONTENT
.The origin of geometry
 Undefined Terms
 Euclid’s first four postulates
 The parallel postulates
 Attempts to prove the parallel
postulate
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this course material, you will…
- Identify the different definitions and postulates illustrated
from the geometric figures
- Prove statements by using Euclid’s definition of terms and
postulates
- Represent the different definitions of terms and postulates
using concrete and pictorial models
 OVERVIEW
COURSE MATERIAL 1


 Everything that we could see around us is filled with many

objects in different shapes and sizes. These objects can be
both man-made and natural. This is how Geometry exist. But
for man-made shapes and sizes, how did we able to make
shapes accurately like house, building, etc.?
 Process Questions:
1. What would be the greatest contribution of geometry in
your life as a student?
2. How does it affect your entire life?
 The Undefined Terms

A. A Point
a point is a specific location where there is no length,
width or thickness. A point is named by using a capital
letter. The points below are named point A, point B and
point C.

•A •B •C
 B. A LINE?

A B
Line AB or AB

Line m or Lm
 C. A PLANE

a flat surface that extends infinitely in all different

directions. It has infinite length and infinite width but has no
thickness. A parallelogram is usually used to represent a plane. It
can be named by using a capital letter placed at one of its corners
not on the line but on the plane. The plane below can be called
plane ABC or plane P.
 EUCLID’S FIRST FOUR POSTULATES
Postulate 1: The Line Postulate
Two points determine exactly one line.

m
C D

Points C and D determine exactly one line m.

It means that there is only one line m that contains
points C and D
 Postulate 2:
Three collinear points are contained in at least
one plane and three non-collinear points are
contained in exactly one plane.

In this figure, the non-collinear points A, B, and C are contained

in exactly one plane P, whereas the collinear points D, E, and F
are contained in at least one plane. Based from the figure, they
lie in plane P, plane Q and plane R.
 Postulate 3:
If two points of a line are in a plane, then the line
is in the plane.
E
m

A B

Line m that lies in plane E divides the plane into two subsets, each
of which is called a half-plane. The dividing line is called the edge.
In the figure above, the two points A and B of line m are in plane
E, and therefore line m is in the plane.
 Θ Β
PARALLEL POSTULATE(Postulate 4)
In Modern Geometry, parallel postulate is also called
the Euclid’s fifth postulate because it is his fifth postulate in
the elements, a destructive axiom in Euclidean Geometry.

Interior
Angles Β

θ
The sum of the interior angles θ and β is less than 180, the two
straight lines, produced indefinitely, meet on that side.
Proving Parallel Postulate as a theorem was a doomed to failure because the
parallel postulate is independents from the other axioms and postulates.
Geometry can be formulated even without the parallel postulate, or with a
different version of the postulate, in a way that adheres to all the other axioms.
Look at the difference of the two figures shown below.
Figurre 1 Figurre 2
Β + θ = less than 180
X =Y = less than 180
β β
X
θ Y θ

β + θ = 1800
THAT IN ALL THINGS, GOD MAYBE GLORIED