Session I.2.

Part I Review of Fundamentals

Module 2 Basic Physics and Mathematics

Used in Radiation Protection

Session 3 Particles and Photons

IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course

4/2003 Rev 2 Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources I.2.3 – slide 1 of 15
 Overview

 In this session we will discuss accelerated

charged particles and x-rays

 We will discuss the mechanisms for the

production of Bremsstrahlung and
Characteristic X-rays

4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.3 – slide 2 of 15

 Accelerated Particles

4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.3 – slide 3 of 15

 Bremsstrahlung

Tungsten W
nucleus X-ray

e-

4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.3 – slide 4 of 15

 Bremsstrahlung

4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.3 – slide 5 of 15

 X-Ray Unit

GLASS
ENVELOPE ELECTRON
STREAM
FILAMENT

CATHODE
ANODE

FOCUSING
TUNGSTEN
CUP
TARGET

USEFUL X-RAYS W INDOW

4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.3 – slide 6 of 15

 Diagnostic Medical X-Ray Unit

4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.3 – slide 7 of 15

 Characteristic Radiation

incident
electron vacancy electron x-ray
created transition emitted

4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.3 – slide 8 of 15

 Characteristic Radiation

Optical energy levels

Optical
radiation
L radiation 0
unexcited
O atom
N
N
M radiation
M M 2500
LL
K

K radiation
w
W L 11,000

L radiation

Energy ( 6v)
not to scale
Optical
K radiation
orbits

Valence
electron

K 70,000

4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.3 – slide 9 of 15

 Polyenergetic vs
Monoenergetic X-Rays

Polyenergetic

E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E11 E12 E13 E14 Emax

Energy
4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.3 – slide 10 of 15
 Polyenergetic vs
Monoenergetic X-Rays

missing
due to
filtration

Polyenergetic

E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E11 E12 E13 E14

Energy
4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.3 – slide 11 of 15
 Polyenergetic vs
Monoenergetic X-Rays

Monoenergetic

Polyenergetic

E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10 E11 E12 E13 E14

Eeff Energy
4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.3 – slide 12 of 15
 Characteristic Radiation

4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.3 – slide 13 of 15

 Characteristic Radiation

Optical energy levels

Optical
radiation
L radiation 0
unexcited
O atom
N
N
M radiation
M M 2500
LL
K

K radiation
w
W L 11,000

L radiation

Energy ( 6v)
not to scale
Optical
K radiation
orbits

Valence
electron

K 70,000

4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.3 – slide 14 of 15

 Where to Get More Information

 Cember, H., Introduction to Health Physics, 3rd

Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (2000)

 Firestone, R.B., Baglin, C.M., Frank-Chu, S.Y., Eds.,

Table of Isotopes (8th Edition, 1999 update), Wiley,
New York (1999)

 International Atomic Energy Agency, The Safe Use

of Radiation Sources, Training Course Series No. 6,
IAEA, Vienna (1995)

4/2003 Rev 2 I.2.3 – slide 15 of 15