SPEECH

GREAT SPEAKERS
ARE MADE –
NOT BORN
Definition
 the expression of or the ability to
express thoughts and feelings by
articulate sounds.

 a formal address or discourse delivered

to an audience.
Ways to Deliver a Speech

Memorization
Reading
Impromptu
Extemporaneous
Declamation – an art or act of
declaiming
Oration – a formal ceremonial
speech
HOW TO PREPARE A
SPEECH?
A. Choose a subject

It's important to know what

kind of speech you're giving
and why your audience is
gathering to hear it in order to
get started on the right foot.
B. Purpose
To inform
To persuade
To entertain
C. Identify Audience

Type of Audience in Particular

Friendly Audience
Neutral Audience
Hostile Audience
Friendly Audience

knows the speaker and

agrees with the topic
looking forward to hearing
his speech.
Strategies: Friendly Audience
 Use humor and personal experience
 State the objective clearly
 Use strong emotional appeals while
reminding them of the evidence
 Be warm, friendly, lots of eye contact,
gestures, and vocal variety
Neutral Audience

In between friendly and

hostile
Has no real opinion about the
topic
Strategies: Neutral Audience
 Capture attention early; get them
interested
 Use no more than three points
 Establish common beliefs and
appeal to their needs
 Use objective evidence
Strategies: Neutral Audience
 Use humor
 Use colorful visuals, dramatic
quotes, and statistics
 Be dynamic, entertaining
 And move around
Hostile Audience

Opposed to the speaker

and the topic
Strategies: Hostile Audience
 Be subtle and intelligent
 Set areas of agreement
 Acknowledge opposing viewpoints
 Seek understanding before any other goal
 Relate topic to listeners , their families, and
friends
 Use objective data and expert opinion
 And be calm and controlled
D. Gathering
Information
E. Organizing the speech
Sentence outline
Topical Outline
Sample Sentence Outline

 Thesis Statement: Even today life at sea is a challenge, but

a comparison of daily living conditions two hundred years
ago and today shows that many conditions of life at sea
have changed tremendously.
 Food is just one aspect of sea life which has changed over
the years.
– Only food that could be stored was used in earlier times.
– There are fewer limitations on food today.
 Living conditions are another aspect of life at sea which
has changed.
– Room for berthing was not considered then.
– Berthing is a major consideration today.
Sample Sentence Outline
 Besides these changes in living conditions, there have been
major changes in working conditions at sea.
– Working hours were very long.
• The daily routine allowed little sleep.
• The watches were long.
 Finally, there have been changes in the forms of discipline used
at sea.
– Punishment seemed unfair and harsh.
– Today discipline is fairer.
 Conclusion:Despite the difficulties, life at sea has always been
an irresistible challenge.
Topical Outline

 Thesis statement: Even today life at sea is a challenge,

but a comparison of daily living two hundred years ago
and today shows that many conditions of life at sea have
changed tremendously.
 Food rations at sea
– Kind of food then
– Kinds of food today
 Living conditions at sea
– Room for berthing not considered then
– Berthing major consideration today
Topical Outline

 ___________________________________
– ________________________________
• __________________________
• __________________________
 ___________________________________
– ________________________________
– ________________________________
 Conclusion:
OUTLINE

I. Introduction
A. Interesting opening
B. Preview of the speech
INTRODUCTION
 Reference to the  Reference to the
subject occasion
 Humor  Rhetorical
 Illustrations question
 Quotation  Anecdote
 Stimulating  Definition
statement  Analogy
DON’TS:
 Start with "um" or "okay."
 Apologize for weaknesses in your content,
preparation, or speaking ability.
 Complain about food, accommodations,
equipment, facilities, or other speakers.
 Use "humor" that might disparage, offend, or
alienate your listeners.
 Use cheap tricks to get attention.
 Go on about how hard it was to choose a topic.
OUTLINE

II. Body
A. Major Ideas
B. Supporting Ideas
Body
 Chronological pattern
 Space Pattern/ Geographical
 Causes and effect
 Comparison and contrast
 Advantages and Disadvantages
Chronological Pattern
Chronological arrangement follows a time pattern.
 Jazz began in the red light district of New Orleans
around 1900.
 Jazz moved to Chicago and Kansas City during
Prohibition.
 Bebop developed on 52nd Street in New York
during the 40's and 50's.
 Nowadays jazz is a part of the curriculum of many
major universities.
Chronological Order

Specific Purpose: To inform my audience how the

Great Wall of China was built.

Main Points: I. Building of the Great Wall began

during the Qin dynasty of
221-206 B.C.
II. New sections of the Great Wall
were added during the Han
dynasty of 206 B.C.-220 A.D.
III. The Great Wall was completed
during the Ming Dynasty of
1368-1644.
Space pattern/Geographical
Speech Topic: Great Lakes
I. Superior
II. II. Michigan
III. III. Huron
IV. IV. Erie
V. V. Ontario
Cause and Effect

I. Congested cities with more and

more commuters are causing the
air pollution levels to rise.
II. More and more children are
succumbing to lung problems like
asthma
Cause and Effect

I. Congested cities with more and

more commuters are causing the
air pollution levels to rise.
II. More and more children are
succumbing to lung problems like
asthma
Compare and Contrast
I. Cost of Tuition
Two-year
Four-year
II. Quality of Education
Two-year
Four-year
III. Educational Programs
Two-year
Four-year
Advantage and Disadvantage

I. Advantages 
Cost
Accessibility
II. Disadvantages
Number of educational programs
Quality of instruction
OUTLINE

III. Conclusion
A. Summary of the major
ideas
B. Significant closing
Conclusion
 Appeal to action
 Summary
 Illustration
 Quotation
 Rhetorical question
 Personal example
 Joke
 Challenge
 Narrative
How to overcome stage fright
1. Be well groomed at all times
2. Prepare well
3. Face your audience
4. Exercise before delivery
5. Move with proper bounds during delivery
6. Concentrate on your speech and on your
audience.
How to overcome stage fright

7. Be determined
8. Feel confident
9. Do not prepare a long
speech
EFFECTIVE VISUAL
DELIVERY
Non-Verbal Communication
 learned and practiced unconsciously
 communicate feelings and attitudes
effectively
 have high validity
 open to misinterpretation just as verbal
communication
Why is Non-Verbal Important?
 May repeat the verbal message
 May complement the verbal message
but also may contradict
 May regulate interactions
 May substitute for the verbal message
Effective Visual Delivery
Appearance: Dress and Posture
Eye Contact and Facial
Expression
Movement and Gesture
Adapting to Handouts and
Visuals
Appearance: Dress

First impressions count:

dressing appropriately for the
occasion and using an open
posture can improve the
visual delivery of a speech.
Appearance: Dress
The audience may judge the
person on their appearance and
not really listen to what is being
said.
Appearance: Dress
 Clothing can demonstrate your
culture, mood, level of confidence,
interests, age, authority, values and
sexual identity.
Appearance: Dress
 Different societies and cultures have
different dress norms and
understanding the norms of culture
helps with public speaking, though
Western business styles are now
commonly accepted in many countries.
Appearance: Dress
 Considering what dress is appropriate
for the occasion and culture of the
audience helps to send a visual
message.
TIPS
 Attire should be chosen according to the type of
audience, the event and the purpose.
 Audience should be considered before choosing
attire.
 Dress should be comfortable without looking
overdressed.
 Making a fashion statement is not always helpful
for a public speaker because it can detract from
the substance of the speech.
Appearance: Posture
 Posture is one means of communication.
 Body movements convey information about
interpersonal relations and personality traits
such as confidence, submissiveness and
openness. 
 The speaker may display an open or closed
body position.
Appearance: Posture
CLOSED POSTURE gives the impression
of detachment, disinterest and hostility.
– arms crossed on the chest or abdomen
– hands clasped in front of the body
– crossed legs
– buttoned suit
– clenched fists
Appearance: Posture
OPEN POSTURE communicates a friendly
and positive attitude.
– feet are spread wide 
– head is straight and raised
– looking at the audience
– showing the palms of the hands
Eye Contact and Facial Expression

Eye contact, also known as

oculesics, and facial expression are
important aspects of
communicating with an audience,
providing important social and
emotional information.
Eye Contact

different cultures have different rules

for eye contact
Tips for the Speaker
 Make eye contact with your audience
members, and make sure not to stare at
your notes the whole time.
 If you have a large audience, make
sure to alternate talking to the audience
members to the right, left, and in front
of you.
Tips for the Speaker
 When you begin your speech do not look at your
notes, look at your audience! You know your topic
and who you are so introduce yourself and your
topic as you would introduce yourself when you
meet a new person.
 Practice looking at the audience while rehearsing.
 Avoid skimming over faces in your audience.
Facial Expression
 The face as a whole indicates much about human
moods.
– fear
– anger
– surprise
– contempt
– disgust
– happiness
– sadness
Tips
People smile when they are
happy. Smile before you begin
speaking to show the audience
that you are happy to be there,
and they will smile back.
Smiling is contagious.
Movement and Gesture

Natural body movements and

gestures can strengthen and
enhance the message but
repetitive, unnecessary
movements can distract from
delivery.
Movement
 Upper body toward the audience – You might want to lean
into the audience to bridge the space of separation.
 Feet and legs – You may move purposefully from one side
to the other to show a transition from one point to another.
 Arms and chest- If you cross your arms in front of you,
what does this mean to the audience? It could be construed
as confrontational or that are you in deep thought about a
question from an audience member.
 Stand still without movement – If you are listening to a
question, you can stand still without movement to show
your interest.
Movement
 Swaying back and forth – If you sway back and forth at the
lectern or podium in a pattern without purpose, the
audience may follow the movement rather than the
message.
 Pacing from one side to other – If you pace from one side
of the front of the room to the other meaninglessly, the
audience will follow the movement.
 Moving a hand repetitively – If you use your hand to move
your hair out of your eyes constantly while speaking, the
audience will focus on the movement rather than what you
are saying.
Adapting to Handouts and Visuals

 There are many different types of

visual aids, such as handouts and
projections of PowerPoint slides.
 Make sure your visual aid uses
readable text and graphics. People
identify items more quickly when
using graphics in addition to text alone.
Adapting to Handouts and Visuals
 A handout can help the audience remember
what was said long after the presentation,
but passing them out can be extremely
distracting. Once a handout is given out, it
might be difficult to bring back the attention
of your audience. Distribute the handout
right before you reference it.
 Only show the audience what you are
presenting at the moment and move on.
REFERENCE:
https://courses.lumenlearning.c
om/boundless-communications/
chapter/effective-visual-deliver
y/
Toastmaster