Anatomi Bola Mata

An2D@> :
M2D2
K@Bn
62$2B:n82n 36n:n8, 2F2C<E=2B,
□
> 6> 36nDE< 1/6 328:2n 56A2n 3@=2
>2D2, 5:2>6D6B 11
>>.
□ MBA <6=2n;ED2n C<=6B2. *6BD6>E2n
<@Bn62- C<=6B2: =:> 3EC
□ *6> 36B:2n nEDB:C:: > = = 9E> @B
2<E@C & 2:B
>2D2.
□ SECEn2n: 5 =2A:C2n 🡪6A:D6=,
> 6> 3B2n2 B@G> 2n, CDB@>2,
> 6> 3B2n2 D6C46> 6D, & 6n5@D6=:E>.
□ M6n82n5En8 32nI 2< C6B23ED C2B27.
&2A:C2n-=2A:C2n
<@Bn62: EA:D6= &
> 6> 3B2n2
1. EA:D6=:
B@G> 2n
□ K6BEC2<2n A5 6A:D6= 2<2n
C6> 3E9 58 C686B2
□ *6<2 D6B9252A C6nDE92n 🡪
7En8C: AB@D6<C:.
2. M6>3B2n2 B@G>2n:
□ &6D2< 5: 32G29 6A:D6=
□ B:=2 D6B;25: <6BEC2<2n 🡪
C6> 3E9 58
;2B:n82n A2BED (C:<2DB:<)
SDB@>2, > 6> 3B2n2
56C46> 6D, & 6n5@D6=:E>

3. SDB@>2:
□ B28:2n <@Bn62 A2=:n8 D632=.
M6=:AED: 90 % D632= <@Bn62.
□ MBA ;2B:n82n 7:3B@C2
36n:n8. 4. M6>3B2n2
56C46>6D:
□ &6D2< 5: 32G29 CDB@>2
□ MBA =2A:C2n D:A:C, <E2D, DDA
C2n82D =6nDEB 5. En5@D6=:E>:
□ S6=2A:C C6= 🡪 7En8C:: >6n82DEB ;>=
42:B2n 52=2> <@Bn62.
K6B2D@A=2CD
: *6n42n8<@<2n <@Bn62
□
□ TE;E2n: > 6n882nD: <@Bn62 I 8 BEC2<
□ *B@8n@C:C: D6B82nDEn8 A6nI 6323
A6nI 2<:D
□ A52 2 >242> <6B2D@A=2CD::
1. K6B2D@A=2CD: =2>6=6B: 3:=2 A2BED <@Bn62
CEA6B7:C:2= 5:3E2n8, 5:82nD: 58
8B27D C6A2B@
<6D632=2n <@Bn62
2. K6B2D@A=2CD: <6D632=2n A6nE9:
526B29 A2BED D@D2= 5:2>3:=, 5:82nD: 58
8B27D D632= A6nE9.
 SK&E+
□ A AED:9 > 2D2
D:<6n2= C38
□ MBA 5/6 5:n5:n8 =E2B 3@=2 > 2D2.
<6D632=2n 1 > > .
□ SDBE<DEB: ;2B:n82n 7:3B@C2 I8 <E2D &
D:52< 6=2CD:C 🡪> 6> A6BD292n<2n
36nDE< 3@=2
>2D2 & AB@D6<C: 32n8En2n-32n8En2n 92=EC
5: 32G29nI 2.
□ *6B>E<22n =E2B 5:DEDEA
@=69 ;2B.F2C<E=2B
=@n882B.
□ *5 2n2<-2n2<, C<=6B2 > 8<n 36BG2Bn2
3:BE
<Bn C<=6B2 D:A:C & A:8>6n <@B@:5 5:
32G29nI2 5AD D6B=:92D. *5 @B8
56G2C2/@B8 DE2 🡪 D:>3En2n =6>2< 5AD
>6>36B:<2n
SK&E+
A
K@n;En8D:F
2 A52=29 > 6> 3B2n2 > E<@C2 (C6=2AED
□
=6n5:B) I 8 > 6=2A:C: <6=@A2< &
> 6=:A2D <6 3@=2 > 2D2 ED< > 6=2A:C:
328:2n 56A2n 3@=2 > 2D2 C2>A2:
=:>3EC.
□ K@n;En8D:F2 252 2, I 2:DE
<@n;En8D:F2 A2=A63B2 (>6=2A:C:
<6=@A2<) & <@n;En8D:F2 3E=3: (>6nEDEA:
328:2n 56A2n 3@=2 >2D2).
□ FEn8C: <@n;En8D:F2: AB@D6<C: A5 C<=6B2 &
> 6> 36B: A6=E> 2C2n A5 3@=2 > 2D2.
□ M6n82n5En8 32nI2< A6>3E=E9
52B29
 TB2<DEC EF62=:C
(EF62)
□ &2A:C2n D6n829 3@=2 > 2D2 D6B5:B:
2D2C 3 328:2n, I 2:DE :B:C, 3252n
C:=:2B, & <@B@:5.
□ IB:C: > 6> 3B2n2 C:B<E=6B I 8
36BG2Bn2, D6B=6D2< 5: 36=2<2n8
<@Bn62, D6A2D 5: 56A2n =6nC2. *5
328:2n AEC2DnI 2 D6B52A2D
=E32n8 I 8 5:C63ED AEA:=.
□ IB:C > 6> 328: BE2n82n I 8 36B:C:
9E> @B 2<E@C 2nD2B2 <@Bn62 &
=6nC2 > ;5 2, I 2:DE
<2> 6B2 2nD6B:@B & <2> 6B2 A@CD6B:@B.
□ IB:C D6B5:B: 5B ;2B:n82n 92=EC I 8
> 6n82n5En8 C6=-C6= A:8>6n, @D@D
A@=@C, A6>3E=E9 52B29 & C2B27.
□ 02Bn2 :B:C D6B82nDEn8 A5 CECEn2n
IB:
C
□ ) D@D A5 :B:C 252=29 @D@D A@=@C I 8 D6BCECEn
C:B<E=6B & B25:6B. ) D@D C:B<E=6B 3:=2
<@nDB2<C: 2<2n > 6n864:=<2n AEA:=, 5:B2n8C2n8
@=69 4292I2 C98 >6=:n5En8: B6D:n2 D95 4292I 2 I 8
C2n82D <E2D. ) D@D B25:6B 52B: D6A: AEA:=, 3:=2
<@nDB2<C: > 6nI6323<2n 5:=2D2C: AEA:=. B:=2
4292I2 =6>29, @D@D B25:6B 2<2n <@nDB2<C:, C98
AEA:= 5:=2D2C: ED< > 6> 2CE<<2n 4292I 2 =63:9
32nI2<.
□ FEn8C: :B:C: > 6n82DEB ;> = 4292I 2 I 8 > 2CE<
> 2D2.
*6n86n52=:2n @=69 C2B27 @D@n@>
B252n
C:=:2B

□ M6n89E3En8<2n <@B@:5 58 :B:C.

□ T6BCECEn 5=> =:A2D2n-
=:A2D2n I 8 36B;2=2n B25:6B <6
52=2> , > 6I ECEn AB@C6CEC
C:=:2B:C I8 >6n86=:=:n8: D6A:
=6nC2. *B@C6CEC :n: 32nI2<
>6n82n5En8 A6>3E=E9 52B29 &
C2B27.
□ M6n892C:=<2n 9E> @B
2<E@C.
K@B
@:5

□ 252=29 > 6> 3B2n 36BG2Bn2

4@<=2D, I 8
> 6=2A:C: A6B>E<22n 52=2>
C<=6B2.
□ M6n82n5En8 32nI2< A6>3E=E9 52B29 &
C6=-C6= A:8>6n I 8 > 6> 36B: G2Bn2
86=2A.
□ FEn8C:: > 6> 36B: nEDB:C: <6 B6D:n2
& 3252n
<242, & >6n46829 B67=6<C: :nD6Bn2=
B252n <242 & 9E>@B
2<E@C
□ T6<2n2n >2D2 5:A6n82BE9: D6<2n2n 3252n
<242 A5 A@CD6B:@B > 2D2 & 9E> @B
2<E@C I 8
> 6n8:C: <2> 6B2 2nD6B:@B (3:=:<
56A2n).
□ ( @B>2=: F@=E> 6 3252n <242 D6D2A.
□ HE> @B 2<E@C 36BD2n88En8 ;2G23
> 6n82DEB D6<2n2n :nDB2@<E=6B.
*6BE3292n <646A2D2n
> 2CE<nI 2 9E> @B 2<E@C <6 52=2> > 2D2
5B
AB@C6CEC C:=:2B:C 2D2E <646A2D2n
<6=E2BnI 2 9E> @B 2<E@C 5B CE5ED
7:=DB2C: 🡪
B252n
K242
□ MBA ;2B:n82n 2=3E> :n@C2 C6D6n829
42:B I 8 36n:n8, I 8 > 6n8:C: BE2n8
2nD2B2 =6nC2 & B6D:n2.
□ M6n8:C: 4/5 328:2n 36=2<2n8 3@=2
> 2D2 &
> 6> A6BD292n<2n 36nDE< 3@=2 > 2D2 &
>6>A6BD292n<2n B6D:n2 ED< >6n8252<2n
2A@C:C: 58 <@B@:5
□ B252n <242 D5< > 6n82n5En8
A6> 3E=E9 52B29 🡪 > 6n52A2D
nEDB:C: 5B ;2B:n82n C6<:D2BnI2.
□ K6<6BE92n 3252n <242 5AD
5:C6323<2n @=69 <Bn C:C2-C:C2
A6> 3E=E9 52B29 I 8 252 52=2> 3@=2
> 2D2 C6=2> 2 A6B<6> 32n82n
;2n:n.
HE>@B
2<E@C
□ A52=29 42:B2n I 8 5:AB@5E<C: C4B
D6BEC
> 6n6BEC @=69 <2A:=6B F6n@C2 5=>
AB@C6CEC C:=:2B.
□ HE> @B 2<E@C 36B;2=2n 5B <2> 6B2
A@CD6B:@B
> 6=6G2D: AEA:= <6 <2> 6B2
2nD6B:@B,
> 6n:n882=<2n > 2D2 > = = DB236<E=2
> 6nE;E
<2n2=:C S49=6> > (CE2DE C:nEC I 8
36B;2=2n
> 6=:n8<2B, 5: A6B32D2C2n <@Bn62 &
C<=6B2)
🡪>6=6G2D: C6<6=:=:n8 >2D2, <>5 >6=6G2D:
 &6nC
2
□ &6D2<: 5: 56A2n 3252n <242 & 5:
36=2<2n8
:B:C.
□ MBA 32n8En2n =En2<, 36n:n8, &
3:<@nF6<C (46> 3En8), I 8 5:=2A:C:
@=69 <2ACE= D:A:C I 8
9@>@86n.
□ T:D:< AEC2D A6B>E<2n 2nD6B:@B &
A@CD6B:@B 5:C63ED A@=EC 2nD6B:@B
& A@=EC A@CD6B:@B, 82B:C I8 >6=6G2D:
<65E2 A@=EC 5:C63ED CE>3E (2<C:C).
□ &6nC2 5:3En8<EC CE2DE <2ACE=, I 8
> BA
> 6> 3B2n 36n:n8 I 8 > 6nEDEA =6nC2
58 6B2D & D632= A5 A6B>E<22n
2nD6B:@B. FEn8C: <2ACE=: > 6n8E329
&6nC
2
□ &6nC2 5:A6BD292n<2n A5 A@C:C:nI 2
<Bn 5B 56A2n 5:D6<2n @=69 9E> @B
2<E@C & 5B 36=2<2n8 5: D6<2n
@=69 9E> @B F:DB6EC (3252n <242)
& J@nE=2 (=:82> 6nDE>
CECA6nC@B:E> ) I 8 > BA > 6> 3B2n
D:A:C I 8
>6nEDEA: A6B>E<22n 3252n C:=:2B,
AB@C6CEC C:=:2B:C, & =6nC2.
□ S:72D 7:C:< =6nC2 🡪 C6CE2:
EC:2. *5 76DEC:
=6nC2 92> A:B C76B:C & 282< =En2<. *5
5GC, A6B>E<22n 2nD6B:@B <EB2n8
46> 3En8 5:32n5:n8<2n A6B>E<22n
A@CD6B:@B & =63:9
<6B2C. *5 E> EB 40-45 D29En,
=6nC2 36BD2> 329 36C2B &
&E( S
A
*6>3:2C2n
4292I2
□ &6nC2 36BA6B2n A6nD:n8 A5 A6> 3:2C2n
4292I 2 (B67B2<C:). 🡪=6nC2
> 6> 36=@<<2n 4292I 2 282B 4292I 2
5AD 5:7@<EC<2n 5: B6D:n2.🡪5B B6D:n2
4292I2 5:E329 >;5 :>AE=C I 8
5:92nD2B<2n > = = n.@AD:<EC <6 AEC2D
A6n8=:92D2n 5: =@3EC @44:A:D2=:C
@D2<.
□ S22D 4292I 2 52D2n8 5: 32n8En2n 36n:n8
> 2D2 (> 65:2 B67B2<D2), > < 4292I 2 2<2n
5:36=@<<2n. M65:2 B67B2<D2: <@Bn62,=6nC2,
&
3252n <242.
*6>3:2C2n
4292I2
□ UD< >6=:92D @3;6< 56<2D 58 ;6=2C 🡪
<646> 3En82n =6nC2 36BE329
CAI ;2B2< 7@<EC 36BE329.
*B@C6C :n: 5:C63ED
2<@>@52C:.
□ B:=2 > .C:=:2B:C <@nDB2<C:
🡪=:82> 6nDE> CECA6nC@B:E>
B6=2<C2C: 🡪 > 6n2> 329
<6=6n8<En82n =6nC2 🡪
<@nF6B86nC: > 2D2 &
<@nCDB:<C: AEA:= 🡪 4292I2 >6=6G2D: 328:2n
C6nDB2= =6nC2.
□ M2D2 n@B>2= 5AD >6=:92D @3;6< 56<2D A5
;2B2< 25 4> .
*EMBIASA( & &I(TASA( *E(G&IHATA(
+6D:
n2
□ &2A:C2n A2=:n8 52=2> A5 > 2D2 🡪 =2A:C2n
A6n6B:>2 4292I2.
□ M6> 3B2n =En2<, B2AE9, D:A:C. T632= 52B: 0,4
>> 56<2D > 2CE<nI2 C2B27 @AD:<EC
C> A2: 0,1 > > A5 @BB2 C6B2D2.
□ 0 2Bn2 > 6B29 En8E <Bn 252nI2 B@5@AC:n.
□ MAI 3:nD:< <En:n8 (> 2<E=2 =ED62).
□ E=6> 6n A6<2 4292I 2 > 6n82n5En8 C6=-C6=
32D2n8 &
<6BE4ED. S6= 32D2n8 ED< :nD6nC:D2C 4292I 2
B6n529 🡪
42B2: >6n8E329 B2n8C2n8 4292I2 >;5 :>AE=C =:CDB:<
I 8 36B;2=2n C6A2n;2n8 C6B23ED C2B27
C6nC@B:C
> 6nE;E AEC2D A6n8=:92D2n 5: @D2<.
□ S6= <6BE4ED: ED< A6n8=:92D2n 4292I2 D6B2n8 &
ED< A6n8=:92D2n G2Bn2. &6D2< 5: AEC2D B6D:n2.
+ETI( A
&:nD2C2n
A6n8=:92D2n

□ I>AE=C C2B27 5B B6D:n2 5:92nD2B<2n

C6A2n;2n8 n.@AD:<EC <6 @D2<.
□ (.@AD:<EC 36B;=n <6 36=2<2n8 =6<E<
> 2D2 > ==7@B2>6n @AD:<E> >6nE;E
B@n882 D6n8<@B2<,
36BC2DE 5: 49:2C> 2 @AD:<E>. K> 5
C6B23ED C2B27 5B
C:C: > 65:2= B6D:n2 > 6nI:=2n8 <6 C:C: C636B2n8nI2
& 36BC2DE 58 C6B23ED 5B C:C: =2D6B2= B6D:n2
I 8 D6D2A
36B252 A5 C:C: I 8 C2> 2. S6B23ED-C6B23ED <> 5
> 6> 36nDE< DB2<DEC @AD:<EC, > 6=6G2D: <@BAEC
86n:<E=2DE> =2D6B2= >6nE;E <@BD6<C A6n8=:92D2n
5:
=@3EC @44:A:D2=:C @D2<.
)D@D-@D@D
E<CDB2@<E=6B
□ FEn8C:: >6n886B2<<2n >2C:n8->2C:n8
>2D2 🡪 86B2<2n D6B<@@B5:n:B A5
<65E2
>2D2.
□ A52 6 @D@D, 4 @D@D 36B;=n
=EBEC, 2 @D@D 36B;=n > :B:n8.
□ *5 C6D:2A 86B2<2n 3@=2 > 2D2, 33BA
@D@D 36B86B2< 36BC2> 2 & > 2D2
5:A6BD292n<2n A5 A@C:C: A2B2=6=
@=69 B67=6<C.
□ MnC >AI A6n8=:92D2n 3:n@<E=6B, 2BD::
>nC
> 6=:92D C2DE 36n52 58 <65E2
> 2D2nI 2. K65E2 32I 2n82n
S:CD6>
=2<B:>2=
□ :C
T6B5:B: 52B: 8=2n5E=2 =2<B:>2=:C
58 C2=EB2nnI2.
□ B6B7En8C: > 6> AB@5E<C: 2:B > 2D2 &
5B2:n2C6 2:B >2D2 >== C2=EB2n =2<B:>2=:C
<6 >62DEC n2C: :n76B:@B.
□ K6=6n;2B 2:B >2D2 D6B=6D2< 5: 328:2n
=2D6B2= 2D2C @B3:D2.
□ FEn8C: 2:B >2D2: >6n4E4: & >6=E>2C: 2:B
>2D2.
□ K@>A@C:C: 2:B >2D2: 98% 2:B; 1,5% (2C=,
& 6nJ:> =:C@C:> I8 >AI 676< 2nD:32<D6B:.
B2n8En2n A6=:n5En8 3@=2
> 2D2
□ )B3:D2 (=6<E< >2D2): A6=:n5En8 >2D2, 5:36nDE<
52B: DE=2n8-DE=2n8 > 2D2.
□ *2=A63B2 (<6=@A2< > 2D2): > 6n82n5En8
<6=6n;2B M6:3@> (<6=6n;2B >:nI2<) I8
>6=E>2C: D6A: A2=A63B2, > 6n46829 DE>A29nI2
2=:B2n 2:B > 2D2, &
> 6n46829 6F2A@B2C: 2:B > 2D2 I 8 36B=63:92n 5B
A6B>E<22n <@Bn62.
□ ) D@D-@D@D A2=A63B2: > . =6F2D@B A2=A63B2
(@D@D C6B2n
=:nD2n8, 5:A6BC2B27: n.III, FEn8C:: > 6n2:<<2n
A2=A63B2 CEA6B:@B), >.@B3:<E=2B:C @<E=:
(5:A6BC2B27: n./II, 7En8C::>6nEDEA A2=A63B2).
□ BE=E >2D2. D: 7@=:<6= 3E=E >2D2 D6B52A2D
<6=6n;2B 16:C (<6=6n;2B >:nI2<) & <6=6n;2B M@==
(<6=6n;2B
<6B:n82D), I 8 C2=EB2nnI2 56<2D 58 7@=:<6=
B2> 3ED.