Enthalpy Definitions

From the syllabus:

ENTHALPY CHANGES
5.1 Enthalpy change, ΔH
 ENTHALPY CHANGE DEFINITIONS
• There are 4 types of chemical reaction which have energy changes that are of particular
interest to YOU. They are:
• The standard enthalpy change of:
• reaction
• formation
• combustion

ΔH
• neutralisation
 ENTHALPY CHANGE DEFINITIONS
b u s
l l a
• There are 7 types of chemical reaction which have energy changes that are of particular

y
s
interest to chemists. They are:

ld
• The standard enthalpy change of:

o
• reaction

e
• formation
•
•
•
combustion
hydration
solution T h ΔH
• neutralisation
• atomisation
 STANDARD CNDITINS
• Enthalpy changes are often quoted as being ‘under standard conditions’ and standard
states
• Standard conditions are:
• 298 K temperature (25oC)
• 1 atm pressure (101kPa)
• 1 mol dm-3 concentration (when liquids are involved)
• Standard state is the most stable form of the element you would expect to find at the
standard conditions described above eg.
• oxygen would be gas
• bromine a liquid
• carbon in the form of graphite
ΔH 
 THE STANDARD ENTHALPY
CHANGE OF REACTION
• The standard enthalpy change of reaction is the enthalpy change for a specific reaction
when the reaction quantities react under standard conditions and standard states
• e.g.

8H2 (g) + S8 (s)  8H2S (g)

ΔH 
r
 THE STANDARD ENTHALPY
CHANGE OF FORMATION
• The standard enthalpy change of formation is the enthalpy change when one mole of a
compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions and with standard states
• e.g.

C(s) + 2H2 (g)  CH4 (g) : 

ΔH f = -15.8 kJ mol-1

ΔH 
f
 THE STANDARD ENTHALPY
CHANGE OF COMBUSTION
• The standard enthalpy change of combustion is the enthalpy change when one mole of a
compound is burned completely in oxygen under standard conditions and with standard
states
• e.g.

CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l) : ΔH


c = -890 kJ mol-1

ΔH 
c
 THE STANDARD ENTHALPY
CHANGE OF NEUTRALISATION
• The standard enthalpy change of neutralisation is the enthalpy change when solutions of
acids and alkalis produce one mole of water under standard conditions
• e.g.

NaOH(aq) + HCl (aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) : ΔHneut= -57.1 kJ mol-1

ΔH 
neut
 THE STANDARD ENTHALPY CHANGE
OF HYDRATION (of an anhydrous salt)

s
• The standard enthalpy change of hydration of an anhydrated salt is the enthalpy change

u
when one mole of a hydrated salt is formed from one mole of the anhydrous salt under
standard conditions
• e.g.
l l a b
s y
o ld
MgSO4 (s) + 7H2O(l)  MgSO4.7H2O (s) : ΔHh = -3930 kJ mol-1

h e
T ΔH 
hyd
 THE STANDARD ENTHALPY
b u s
CHANGE OF ATOMISATION
y l l a
ld s
• The standard enthalpy change of atomisation is the enthalpy change when one mole of

o
gaseous atoms are produced from an element in its standard state under standard conditions

e
h
• e.g.

T
Na (s)  Na (g) : ΔH 
= +107 kJ mol-1
at

ΔH 
at
 THE STANDARD ENTHALPY
CHANGE OF SOLUTION

u s
• The standard enthalpy change of solution is the enthalpy change when one mole of an

b
a
ionic substance dissolves in water to create an infinitely dilute solution under standard
conditions

y l l
s
• e.g.

+ aq ld
KOH(s)
e o K + OH + -
(aq) : ΔHsol = -58 kJ mol-1

h
(aq)

T ΔH 
sol
Please note:
 The standard enthalpy change of hydration (of an anhydrous salt)

s
 The standard enthalpy change of hydration of an anhydrated salt is the

u
enthalpy change when one mole of a hydrated salt is formed from one mole of
the anhydrous salt under standard conditions

la b
l
 MgSO4 (s) + 7H2O(l)  MgSO4.7H2O (s)

s y
 Standard enthalpy change of hydration

o l d
e
 The standard enthalpy change of hydration is the enthalpy change when one mole

h
of a specified gaseous ion dissolves in sufficient water to form a very dilute

T
solution
 Sc3+ (g) + aq  Sc3+ (aq)
Practice:

 Chemsheets worksheets
Show-me-boards!
What is the symbol for:
 Standard enthalpy change of neutralisation
Show-me-boards!
What is the symbol for:
 Standard enthalpy change of reaction
Show-me-boards!
What is the symbol for:
 Enthalpy change of combustion
Show-me-boards!
What is the name for:
 ΔHf
What is standard pressure?
What is standard temperature?