AIR POLLUTION

Particulate matter (PM)

 Kayoto protocol- The Kyoto Protocol was an
international treaty which extended the 1992 United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that
commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, based on the scientific consensus that global
warming is occurring and that human-made CO₂ emissions
are driving it.
 Motor vehicle exhaust emissions are known to
contain carbon monoxide , nitrogen oxides ,
hydrocarbons , suspended particulate matter, and
a small amount of sulfur dioxide .
 The SCR or Selective Catalytic Reduction unit is a
specially designed component in a BS6 engine,
which is added to reduce emissions. The SCR
system reduces NOx emissions by increasing the
combustion temperature, which reduces the
production of Particulate Matter in the engine.
What is air pollution?
As per IS 4167 (1966)
Air pollution is the presence in ambient atmosphere of
substances, generally resulting from the activity of man, in
sufficient concentration , present for a sufficient time and
under circumstances which interfere significantly with the
comfort health or welfare of persons or with the full use or
enjoyment of property.
As per Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD)
The presence of harmful constitutions in the atmosphere of
natural or synthetic materials in excess quantity as direct or
indirect consequences of human activity.
 Anyair pollution materials or combination of
materials/ substances
 Substances: such as physical, chemical or
biological substances emitted into the atmosphere
or ambient air.
 Ambient : outdoor atmosphere i.e. atmosphere
external to building
CONTAMINATE AND CONTAMINANT

Contaminate:
 Adding substances that are dangerous or carry disease

Contaminant:
 Substance that contaminates things . Any substances
responsible for changes in biogeochemical composition of the
atmosphere, contaminant is a potential pollutant. Eg-CO2
Pollutant:

Must be a contaminant first

Contaminant, which is responsible for adverse effects on the

atmosphere. Eg-SO2, NOX……..
 AIR POLLUTION

 Types of pollutants

 Effects

 Measurements

 Control
AIR POLLUTANTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS

 Natural contaminants ; e.g.-natural fog, pollen grains,

bacteria, products of volcano eruption
 Aerosols (particulates); e.g.-dust, smoke, fog
 Gases and Vapours
 Primary; emitted directly from identifiable sources. e.g.-
 Secondary; which are produced in the air by the interaction
among two or more primary pollutants, or by reaction with
normal atmospheric constituents, with or without
photoactivation.; e.g.-
 Examples of primary pollution-
 Finer Particles (less than 100 micron in diameter)
 Coarse particles (greater than 100 micron in diameter)
 Sulphur compounds
 Oxides of nitrogen
 Carbon monoxide
 Halogen compounds
 Organic compounds
 Radioactive compounds
 Examples of Secondary air pollutants
 Ozone

 Formaldehyde

 PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate)

 Photochemical smog
 Formation of acid mists (sulphur dioxide and dissolved
oxygen)
Sources of air pollutions

 Manmade (anthropogenic) sources and natural

sources

 Stationary sources and Mobile Sources

 (Stack) industrial source ;vehicles

 Point sources, Aera sources and Line sources

 Stack; landfill emission, parking lots; vehicles
Effects of air pollution

Human health

Vegetation
Materials
Atmosphere
necrosis
 Human health : The degree of pollution or severity depends upon several
factors –
 Types of pollutants
 Concentration of pollutants or quantity of pollutants
 Period of exposure to pollutants (exposure to short time or long time)
 Intensity of exposure to pollutants (exposure is sudden or gradually)
 Health status of a person
EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
 Acute effects
 Chronic effects
pollutants

 SO2
 PM
 NO2
 CO
 HC
 O3
 Pb
Particulate matter (PM)

 Particulate Matter (PM10 or PM2.5)/ Total Suspended Particles (TSP)

 PM10- inhalable particles, dia. of the particles less than or equal to 10 micro meter
 PM2.5-Respirable particles, dia. of particles less than or equal to 2.5 micro meter
 Meteorology

Involving in dilution and dispersion of air pollution

Factors that affects the dilution and dispersion of air

pollutants (primary parameters)

1. Wind speed and direction

2.Temperature (vertical temperature gradient)

3. Stability (atmospheric condition)

4. Mixing height
 Secondary parameters
 Precipitation
 Humidity
 Solar radiation
 Visibility
Meteorology
 These four are dynamic and active in the lower most layer of the
atmosphere also known as planetary/ atmospheric boundary layer
(ABL/PBL), the thickness of the PBL (up to 600 m)varies with
latitude, altitude, topographic and also season to season.
 Vertical temperature gradient
 The rate of change of air temperature with altitude.
 Commonly the decrease in the rate of air temperature
with altitude is known as lapse rate.
 DT/DZ=change in temperature/change in altitude
=lapse rate
= -9.8oC/km (dry weather)
= -6.0 oC/km (wet weather)
Air parcel

 Super adiabatic lapse rate (ELR>ALR)

 Move vertically
 Dispersion is more, mixing better
 Unstable condition

 Occurs during day time (sunny condition prevail)

 Very strong during summer
 Sub-adiabatic lapse rate (ELR<ALR)
 Vertical motion of air is restricted
 Dispersion is less/ mixing slow
 Stable condition

 Occurs during night time and weak winds

 In winter
 Adiabatic lapse rate (ELR=ALR)
 No dispersion
 No vertical motion
 Atmospheric condition -Neutral

 Occurs during day –night time transition

 In cloudy , moderate to high winds
 Neutral condition
Negativelapse rate (inversion) (ELR<<<ALR)(especial case)
Strongly stable condition

Vertical mixing /motion of air is stopped

Temperature increases with altitude known as temperature inversion

There may be a little dispersion due to surface roughness


Inversion
 are more frequent during winter and cold night
Polluted air is trapped

Slide 45

Plume behaviours

 Looping plume (super adiabatic condition)

 Coning plume
 Fanning plume
 Lofting plume
 Fumigating plume
 Trapping plume
looping lofting
 trapping

fanning
conning fumigation
 Following observations have been made for the elevation and temperature to
as certain the stability of atmosphere
Elevation (m) Temperature (oC)
10 15.5
60 15
130 14.3
The atmosphere is classified as-
 An air having 40oC temperature moves from ground level to 500m elevation
in dry air following the “adiabatic lapse rate”. The resulting temperature of
air parcel at 500 ,m elevation will be
Plume rise and effective height of stack

 Mixing height-it is the height of the layer from the earth surface within which
smoke will rise or mixing will take place.
 Mixing height will be low in winter and high in summer.
 In NE India, the mixing height (MH) is above 100-200 m in winter but in summer it
may go above 1km because of high lapse rate.
 Effective height of plume (H)
H=h+∆h

h=74 (Qp)0.27 ,
h=14 (Qs) 1/3 ,