LOWER LIMBS

Anatomy
Pelvic girdle
Right Pelvic (Coxal) Bone
 The ilium, the largest of the three components of the hip bone, is
composed of a superior ala ( wing) and an inferior body. The body helps
form the acetabulum, the socket for the head of the femur. The superior
border of the ilium, the iliac crest, ends anteriorly in a blunt anterior
superior iliac spine.Below this spine is the anterior inferior iliac spine.
Posteriorly, the iliac crest ends in a sharp posterior superior iliac spine.
Below this spine is the posterior inferior iliac spine. Below the posterior
inferior iliac spine is the greater sciatic notch.The medial surface of the
ilium contains the iliac fossa, for the iliacus muscle. Lateral is the
auricular surface (auric- ear-shaped), which articulates with the sacrum
to form the sacroiliac joint.Anatomy
Between body and ala is the arcuate line. On
the posterior surface are gluteal lines:
the anterior gluteal line, posterior gluteal line and the inferior gluteal
line. The gluteal muscles attach to the ilium between these lines.
The ischium, the inferior, posterior portion of the hip bone, is comprised
of a superior body and an inferior ramus. The ramus is the portion of the
ischium that fuses with the pubis. Features of the ischium include the
prominent ischial spine, Which separates lesser sciatic notch from great
sciatic notch. below the spine, and a rough and thickened ischial
tuberosity. This prominent tuberosity may hurt a person’s thigh when
you sit on his or her lap. Together, the ramus and the pubis surround the
obturator foramen, the largest foramen in the skeleton.
The pubis, has a superior ramus, an inferior ramus, and a body . The
superior ramus has the pubic crest(pecten), and the pubic tubercle. This
tubercle is the beginning of a raised line, the pectineal line, which
extends superiorly and laterally along the superior ramus to merge with
the arcuate line of the ilium. The pubic symphysis is the joint between
the two pubes of the hip bones. The acetabulum (as-e-TAB-u¯-lum
vinegar cup) is a deep fossa formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis. It
functions as the socket that accepts the rounded head of the femur.
Together, the acetabulum and the femoral head form the hip (coxal)
joint.
 The bony pelvis is divided into superior and inferior portions by a
boundary called the pelvic brim(terminal line), which goes at the sacral
promontory , the arcuate lines of the ilium, the pectineal lines of the
pubis, the pubic crest, tubercle and superior portion of the pubic
symphysis. The portion of the bony pelvis superior to the pelvic brim is
referred to as the false (greater) pelvis. It is bordered by the lumbar
vertebrae posteriorly, the upper portions of the hip bones laterally, and
muscles of the abdominal wall anteriorly. The space enclosed by the
false pelvis is part of the lower abdomen; it does not contain pelvic
organs, except for the urinary bladder (when it is full) and the uterus,
ovaries, and uterine tubes of the female. The portion of the bony pelvis
inferior to the pelvic brim is the true (lesser) pelvis. It has an inlet, an
outlet, and a cavity. It is bounded by the sacrum and coccyx posteriorly,
inferior portions of the ilium and ischium laterally, and the pubic bones
anteriorly. The true pelvis surrounds the pelvic cavity . The superior
opening of the true pelvis, bordered by the pelvic brim, is called the
pelvic inlet; the inferior opening of the true pelvis is the pelvic outlet.
True and false pelvis
 Lower Limb
Component parts
Femur is the longest bone, which consists of body(shaft), proximal and distal ends.
The proximal end of the femur consists of a rounded head that articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip (coxal) joint. The head contains a small central depression (pit) called the fovea
capitis.The ligament of the head of the femur connects the fovea capitis of the femur to the acetabulum of the hip bone. The neck of the femur is a constricted region distal to the head. A “broken hip” is more often
associated with a fracture in the neck of the femur than with fractures of the hip bones. The greater trochanter and lesser trochanter are projections from the junction of the neck and shaft. Between them are
intertrochanteric line and crest.
Body of the femur containes gluteal tuberisity and linea aspera.
The expanded distal end of the femur includes the medial
condyle and the lateral condyle. These articulate with the
medial and lateral condyles of the tibia. Superior to the
condyles are the medial epicondyle and the lateral
epicondyle, to which ligaments of the knee joint attach. A
depressed area between the condyles on the posterior surface
is called the intercondylar fossa. The patellar surface is
located between the condyles on the anterior surface.
The patella, or kneecap, is a small, triangular bone located
anterior to the knee joint. It is sesamoid bone, which develops
in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle.
Skeleton of the Leg—Tibia and Fibula
The tibia consist of body, proximal and distal ends.
The proximal end of the tibia is expanded into a lateral condyle and a medial condyle. These articulate with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joints. The
inferior surface of the lateral condyle articulates with the head of the fibula. The slightly concave condyles are separated by an upward projection called the
intercondylar eminence. The tuberosity on the anterior surface is a point of attachment for the patellar ligament. Inferior to and continuous with the tibial tuberosity
is a sharp ridge that can be felt below the skin, known as the anterior border (crest) or shin.
The medial surface of the distal end of the tibia forms the medial malleolus . This structure articulates with the talus of the ankle and forms the prominence that can
be felt on the medial surface of the ankle.
The fibula is parallel and lateral to the tibia, but it is
considerably smaller. Unlike the tibia, the fibula does not
articulate with the femur. On the proximal end, the fibula,
has head, which articulates with the inferior surface of the
lateral condyle of the tibia. The distal end has a projection
called the lateral malleolus that articulates with the talus of
the ankle.
Skeleton of the Foot - Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges
The tarsus is the proximal region of the foot and consists of
seven tarsal bones . They include 7 bones: 1.talus (has 7
articular facets) 2. calcaneus(4 facets), 3.navicular, 4. three
cuneiform bones - lateral, intermediate, and medial
cuneiforms, 5. cuboid.
The talus, the most superior tarsal bone, is the only bone of
the foot that articulates with the fibula and tibia(3 facets),
calcaneus(3 facets), navicular (1 facet) - 7 facets. Calcaneus
has 3 facets for the talus, 1 facet for cuboid. The calcaneus
has process called sustentaculum tali.
CRUS