Topic – synchronous optical networking

Computer Networking (CS 602)

Submitted to :- Submitted
by :-
Gaurav Dubey Faiz Khan
Asst. Professor
(0905CS201068)
Dept of CS Engg.
 Outline
 Introduction
 Elements of SONET
 SONET Connections
 Layers of SONET
 Advantages of SONET
 Disadvantages of SONET
 Applications
 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
Synchronous Optical Network, or SONET. A communication
protocol called SONET was created by Bellcore and is used to send
a lot of data over relatively long distances using optical fiber.
Multiple digital data streams are transmitted simultaneously over
the optical fiber with SONET.

• Why is SONET referred to as a synchronised network?

Across the entire network, the timing of signal and equipment
transmission is controlled by a single clock (the Primary Reference
Clock, or PRC).

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Elements of SONET

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 Elements of SONET

1. STS Multiplexer:
• Performs multiplexing of signals.
• Converts electrical signal to optical signal.

2. STS Demultiplexer:
• Performs demultiplexing of signals.
• Converts optical signal to electrical signal.

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 Elements of SONET

3.Regenerator:
It is a repeater, that takes an optical signal and regenerates
(increases the strength) it.

4. Add/Drop Multiplexer:
It allows to add signals coming from different sources into a
given path or remove a signal.

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 SONET Connections

SONET connections are broken down between :-

Section: Portion of network connecting two neighbouring

devices.
Line: Portion of network connecting two neighbouring
multiplexers.
Path: End-to-end portion of the network.

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Layers of SONET

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 Layers of SONET
SONET includes four functional layers:
1.Path Layer:
• It is responsible for the movement of signals from its optical source
to its optical destination.
• STS Mux/Demux provides path layer functions.
2.Line Layer:
• It is responsible for the movement of signal across a physical line.
• STS Mux/Demux and Add/Drop Mux provides Line layer
functions.

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 Layers of SONET
3.Section Layer:
• It is responsible for the movement of signal across a physical
section.
• Each device of network provides section layer functions.
4.Photonic Layer:
• It corresponds to the physical layer of the OSI model.
• It includes physical specifications for the optical fibre channel
(presence of light = 1 and absence of light = 0).

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 Advantages of SONET

These are the main advantages of using SONET :-

Data is sent over long distances.

Electromagnetic interference is minimal.
Data rates are quite high.
Provides broad bandwidth.

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 Disadvantages

The Disadvantages of SONET are as Follows :-

No standard that is compatible.
SONET mux services are necessary for tributary services.
Low cost and efficient for few channels.
At higher capacities, bandwidth efficiency is a problem.
There must be more overhead.

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 Applications

The various applications of SONET are:-

Data Center Interconnectivity

Internet Service Provider (ISP) Backbone Networks
Campus Networks
Video Conferencing
Disaster Recovery

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