1.

3 COMPUTER NETWORKS
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
STARTER

What are MAC addresses used for?

What are the differences between a switch and a hub?
What does a router use to route traffic?
What is the fastest transmission media?
RECAP (THE INTERNET)
 The biggest WAN in the world
 A collection of interconnected LANs all over
the world
 What is the difference between this and the
World Wide Web (WWW)?
RECAP (THE WORLD WIDE WEB)
 The World Wide Web is a service that
uses the Internet
 Accessed using web browsers to view
linked webpages and other resources
ACCESSING THE WORLD WIDE WEB
 What piece of hardware connects our LAN to the
Internet?

 Our ISP is connected to Domain Name System (DNS)

and other useful parts of the internet.
 We pay the ISP to use that connection.
DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)
 How DNS servers work

 I need 6 volunteers to be the following

 One Browser
 One DNS server
 Three Web Servers
 One person to carry the packets
DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM (DNS)
 The user inputs an easy to remember URL into their browser
 The browser sends a request to a DNS with that URL
 The DNS returns the IP address corresponding to the URL
 The browser sends a GET request to the Web server at that IP address
 The Web server returns the website files

 This all happens in less than a second and can span the globe
 URL in  www.google.com
Domain Name Service

Domain Name Service

 URL in  www.google.com 1. The URL is received by a DNS server.
Domain Name Service

Domain Name Service

DNS recursive/resolver server

 URL in  www.google.com 1. The URL is received by a DNS server.
Domain Name Service
2. The server queries a root name server.
3. The root server responds with the address
of the top-level domain server for .com.
Domain Name Service

DNS recursive/resolver server

Root name server

 URL in  www.google.com
Domain Name Service
Domain Name Service
1. The URL is received by a DNS server.
2. The server queries a root name server.
3. The root server responds with the address
of the top-level domain server for .com.
4. The resolver then makes a request to
the .com TLD server.
5. The TLD server responds with the IP
address of the domain’s name server.

DNS recursive/resolver server

Root name server .com top-level

domain server (TLD)
 URL in  www.google.com 1. The URL is received by a DNS server.
Domain Name Service
2. The server queries a root name server.
3. The root server responds with the address
of the top-level domain server for .com.
Domain Name Service 4. The resolver then makes a request to
the .com TLD server.
5. The TLD server responds with the IP
address of the domain’s name server.
6. The recursive resolver sends a query to
the domain’s name server.
7. The name server returns the IP address of
google.com (8.8.8.8) to the resolver.
DNS recursive/resolver server
8. The DNS resolver responds to the web
browser with the Google’s IP address.

Root name server .com top-level Authoritative

domain server (TLD) name server
 THE CLOUD
 Servers used to store data and programs accessed over the internet
 Usually rented from third parties
 Advantages
 Can access anytime, anywhere, from any device
 No hardware required
 Excellent backup and recovery options
 Easy to scale up and expand

 Disadvantages
 Ongoing costs for hosting data
 Security and privacy (98% have had a data breach)
 Less control over data
 Relies on stable internet connection