Community

Health / Public
Health
 Community

It is a group of people with

common characteristics or
interests living together
within a territory or
geographical (physical)
boundary.
 Community
“A collection of people who
interact with one another and
whose common interests or
characteristics form the basis
for a sense of unity or
belonging”
(Allender et al., 2009, p.6)
 Community
Community is a group of
people who have common
characteristics definable by
location, race, ethnicity, age,
occupation, interests in
particular problems or
outcomes, or common bonds.
 Community
Determinants of Population
1.Race
2.Nationality/Ethnicity
3.Sexual Orientation
4.Age or Age Group
5.Geographic locality
 Community
What is Community Health?
Community Health: is the status of a
defined group of people and the
actions and conditions to promote,
protect, and preserve their health.
Population Health: is the health
status of persons not organized and
without identity as a group or locality.
COMMUNITY HEALTH/PUBLIC
HEALTH
A. Environmental sanitation
B. Control of Community
infection (communicable
disease)
C. Education of the individual
in principles of personal
hygiene
 D. Organization of Medical and
nursing services for early diagnosis
and preventive treatment of
diseases
E. Development of social machinery
which will ensure everyone as
standard living adequate for
maintenance of life
COMMUNITY HEALTH/PUBLIC HEALTH
A. Environmental sanitation
B. Control of Community infection (communicable
disease)
C. Education of the individual in principles of
personal hygiene
D. Organization of Medical and nursing
services for early diagnosis and preventive
treatment of diseases
E. Development of social machinery which
will ensure everyone as standard living
adequate for maintenance of life
Two broad areas of preventive
medicine
1. Public Health- includes
programs and activities
directed at community level
and will benefit everyone or
individuals who are not
currently under the care of
physician.
 Two broad areas of preventive
medicine
1. Risk Factor Evaluation- includes
programs and activities directed at
individuals who are currently under
the care of physician who evaluates
them for high-risk factors that can
cause disease, educate them about
good habits and screens them for
appropriate conditions.
Two broad areas of preventive
medicine
 Community
Understanding a Community
In order to evaluate one’s community, one
must understand the factors that effect the
health of a community.
The three main factors and determinants
of community health are as follows:
1. Physical Factors
2. Social and Cultural Factors
3. Individual Behaviors
 Factors of Community
Health
1. Physical Factors:
Examples:
Geography: Dry, Tropical
Environment: Smoggy, (polluted)
Community Size: 244,000
Industrial Development:
Metropolitan, Rural
 Factors of Community
Health
2. Social and Cultural Factors:

1. Traditions, Prejudices, Beliefs

2. Economy
3. Politics
4. Socioeconomic Status
 Factors of Community
Health
3. Individual Behavior
The behavior of the
individual community
members contributes to
the health of the entire
community.
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH &
DISEASE OF THE COMMUNITY
The health status of a community is
associated with a number of factors
such as:
a. Health care access
b. Economic conditions
c. Social and environmental
issues
d. Cultural practices
VARIABLES influencing Health
Status, Beliefs & Practices

1. INTERNAL VARIABLES : include those which are

usually non-modifiable such as:
a. Biologic dimension - genetic makeup, sex, age,
and developmental level all significant to a person’s
health.
b. Psychological dimension - emotional factors which
include mind-body interactions and self-concept.
c. Cognitive dimension - intellectual factors which
include lifestyle choices and spiritual and religious
beliefs.
VARIABLES influencing Health
Status, Beliefs & Practices
2. EXTERNAL VARIABLES : the
macrosystem which include:
a. Environment : geographical locations
determine climate, and climate affects
health; environmental hazards.
b. Economics : standards of living
reflecting occupation, income and
education is related to health, morbidity
and mortality.
VARIABLES influencing Health
Status, Beliefs & Practices
c. Family and cultural beliefs : the family
passes on life patterns of daily living and
lifestyles to offspring (e.g. physical/emotional
abuse or climate of open communication).
Culture and social interactions also influence
how a person perceives, experiences, and
copes with health and illness.
d. Social support networks : political/systems of
governance; religion/church; mass media.
VARIABLES influencing Health
Status, Beliefs & Practices

3. HEALTH BELIEF MODEL : refers to

the relationship between a person’s belief
and his behavior in health. It pertains to
three components of an Individual’s
perception :
1. Susceptibility to an illness
2. Seriousness of an illness
3. Benefits of taking the action
Example: In one HIV infection study
VARIABLES influencing Health
Status, Beliefs & Practices

4. HEALTH PROMOTION
MODEL :
directed at increasing client’s
well-being.
* Goal : enhance level of
wellness.
VARIABLES influencing Health
Status, Beliefs & Practices
5. WHO DEFINITION (1978) : a state of
complete physical, mental, and social
well-being, not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity(sickness).
Health is a social phenomenon.
It is an outcome of multi-causal theories
of health and disease.
VARIABLES influencing Health
Status, Beliefs & Practices

5. WHO DEFINITION (1978)

 It is an outcome or by-product of the interplay
of societal factors :
a. Ecological :
1. Biological
2. Physical
b. Economic
c. Political
d. Socio-cultural
COMMUNITY HEALTH
A part of paramedical and medical
intervention or approach which is
concerned with the health of the whole
population.
A discipline that concerns with the study
and betterment of the health
characteristics of biological communities.
COMMUNITY HEALTH

Its aims are :

1. Health promotion
2. Prevention of disease
3. Management of factors
affecting health
COMMUNITY HEALTH
PANDEMIC
- wide spread; epidemic over a wide geographic
area and affecting a large portion of the
population
EPIDEMIC
- spreading rapidly and extensively by infection
and affecting many individuals in an area or a
population at the same time.
-an outbreak of a contagious disease that
spreads rapidly and widely
 Endemic: A disease that exists
permanently in a particular region or
population. Malaria is a constant worry in parts of
Africa.

Epidemic: An outbreak of disease that

attacks many peoples at about the same time
and may spread through one or several
communities.
Pandemic: When an epidemic
spreads throughout the world.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRIAD
ENVIRONMENT

AGENT HOST
 AGENT

• The first link in the chain of disease transmission is a

disease agent.
• The disease agent is defined as a substance, living or non
living or a force, tangible or intangible, the excessive
presence or relative lack of which may initiate or
perpetuate a disease process.
• A disease may have a single agent, but more factors are
responsible for disease transmission.
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS

• VIRUS
• BACTERIA
• PROTOZOVA
• FUNGUS

CHARACTERISTICS:
- Infectivity
- Pathogenicity
- virulence
 PHYSICAL AGENTS
• Exposure to excessive
heat,
cold, humidity
pressure, sound, etc..
elecricity,
radiation,
 CHEMICAL AGENTS
• ENDOGENOUS •
EXOGENOUS
MECHANICAL AGENTS
NUTRITIONAL AGENTS
SOCIAL AGENTS
 OTHERS
• Hormones

• Lack of part or structure

• Chromosomal factors

• Immunological factors
HOST
• Human being is
referred

• to

as
DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
SOCIO ECONOMIC
FACTORS
LIFE STYLE FACTORS
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
1. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
PSYCHO SOCIAL
ENVIRONMENT
COMMUNITY
ORGANIZING
Community Organizing
To find methods and procedures to
help deal with social issues within the
community.
Example: Cancer from tobacco use is a
social health issue in Community A.
Therefore community organizing would
involve methods and procedures to deal
with the issue such as canvasing or an
awareness campaign.
Community Organizing
To find methods and procedures to
help deal with social issues within the
community.
Example: Cancer from tobacco use is a
social health issue in Community A.
Therefore community organizing would
involve methods and procedures to deal
with the issue such as canvasing or an
awareness campaign.
 Community Organizing
Process
1. Recognize the Issue
2. Gain Community Entry
3. Organize People
4. Asses the Community
5. Set Goals and Priorities
6. Arriving at a Solution
 Community Organizing
Process
7. Selecting Strategies
8. Implementing Plans
9. Evaluating outcomes
10.Maintaining outcomes
11. (Source: McKenzie, Pinger, Kotecki, 2012).