1

SEMESTER 1
MB010107- ENVIRONMENT
MANAGEMENT
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SYLLABUS
MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENT & ECO
SYSTEM
1.1 Components of Environment
1.2 Eco System – Biotic & Abiotic Components
1.3 Bio Diversity – Principles – Bio Diversity in India
1.4 Natural Resources – Depletion of Natural
Resources
1.5 Energy Sources – Conventional & Renewable
Sources – Zero Carbon Energy
 3

SYLLABUS
MODULE 2
IMPACT OF INDUSTRY AND BUSINESS POLLUTION SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
2.1 Environmental Degradation – Industrial Pollution – Types and Impact
2.2 Managing Industrial Pollution – Electronic Waste Management
2.3 Waste Management – Developing Recycling Technology
2.4 Sustainable Development – Guidelines & Principles – Environment Impact
Assessment – ISO 14000
2.5 Eco-friendly Manufacturing & Packaging – Zero Carbon Cities

MODULE 3
MACRO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
3.1 National Income – Its Significance – Measurement of National Income
3.2 An Overview of Fiscal Policy & Monetary Policy in India
3.3 Inflation in India – Its Implication on Business
3.4 Trade & Business Cycle – Recessionary Impact on Indian Economy
• 3.5 Balance of Trade & Balance of Payments – Disequilibrium in BOP – Corrective
Measures
• 3.6 Analysis of Economic Survey in India – Union Budget & Kerala
• Budget – Implications on Business
 4

SYLLABUS
MODULE 4
POLITICAL LEGAL ENVIRONMENT
 4.1 Role of Government in Business Environment – Economic Roles – Role of
FDI in Indian economy
 4.2 The Rationale of Public Private Partnership (PPP) in Sustainable
Development – The Build Operate Transfer (BOT) Model
 Impact of Globalisation, Privatisation on Small Business

MODULE 5
RECENT TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS
 5.1 Discussion on Impact of Privatisation in Basic Sectors and Natural
 Resources – Water, Electricity,Telecommunications, and Transport (Roads &
Highways, Railways)
 5.2 Globalization of Indian Business and Firms – Coping with Global
Competition
 5.3 Industrial Development – Rural & Urban Dynamics
 5

TEXTBOOKS
• Pandey G.N. –Environmental Management –
Vikas Publishing House
• Dr. K Raghavan Nambiar – Environmental Studies
– SCITECH Publications
• Bala Krishnamurthy – Environmental
Management: Text and Cases, PHI
• Kaushik & Anubha – Environmental Studies, New
Age International
• N.K. Uberoi – Environmental Management –
Excel Books
 6

MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENT & ECO SYSTEM
 7

• The sum total of all surroundings of a living

organism, including natural forces & other living
things which provide conditions for development
& growth as well as of danger & damages
 8

INTRODUCTION
The science of Environment studies is a multi-
disciplinary science.
It is the science of physical phenomena in the
environment.
 It is a broad field of study that includes also the natural
environment, built environment and the sets of relation
between them.
Our very survival in this planet earth depends on the
proper management of environment.
Every living being are interdependent directly or
indirectly.
 9

INTRODUCTION
 The climatic condition depends on
the air, temperature. Everyone is now
feeling the change of climate due to
the rise in air temperature of the
earth.
 Due to enormous increase in
population & stress on
environmental factors like air, water
& soil, it is now urgently needed to
frame guidelines & rules for the
management of environment in a
proper way.
A good management of
environment can only bring a
sustainable life to all in this planet
earth.
 10

ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

• Environmental Management is entirely an

emerging and dynamic concept.
• Environmental Management is concerned with
the management for environment encompassing
a business. It represents the organizational
structure, responsibilities sequences, processes
and preconditions for the implementation of an
environmental corporate policy.
 11

CONT...
• Environment takes into consideration all conditions required
for the survival of corporate sectors. Absence of environmental
consideration causes serious ecological damage.
• Poverty, lack of resources, population pressure and global
inequity of the resource use are generating unparalleled social
and environmental problems at national and global levels.
• Sustainable development has a tendency to strike a balance
between the demands of economic development and the need
for management of environmental processes.
• Environmental management helps corporate and other
organizations boost their public trust and confidence and are
related to receiving a fair assessment
 COMPONENTS OF 12

ENVIRONMENT Atmosphere

Physical Hydrosphere

Lithosphere

Abiotic

Environment Biologycal Producer

Biotic Consumer

Decomposer

Socity

Cultural Economy

Politics
 13
PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENT
 The Physical Constituent of environment includes soil, water, air,
climate, temperature, light etc.

 These are also called abiotic constituents of the environment.

 This part of the environment mainly determines the type of the

habitat or living conditions of the human population

Physical Components of the environment is again divided into

three
• Atmosphere
parts. • Hydrosphere
•Lithosphere
(gas) These
(liquid)are: (solid)
 14

Biological components of
Environment
There are two kind of Biologycal components.

They are
Abiotic
Biologycal

Biotic
 15

The Abiotic components of

Environment
Abiotic components are
non-living chemical and physical factors in the
environment. Abiotic phenomena underlie all of
biology. Abiotic factors, while generally
downplayed, can have enormous impact on
evolution. Abiotic components are aspects of
geodiversity. They can also be recognised as
"abiotic pathogens“

E.g- Temperature, light, sun light, pH, soil

components, etc.
 16

This component consists of all living things like plants, animals

and small micro-organisms like bacteria.

All ecosystems consist of three

different types of living organisms.

Producer

Biotic
Consumer
Component

Decomposer
 17

Producers
 Generally green plants and
other photosynthetic
bacteria

 Produces various o rganic

substances

 With the help of water, soil

and light energy.
E.g. Plants
 18

Consumer
Consumers depend for
their nutrition on the
organic food produced
by the green plants,

E.g animals.
 19
Decomposers
Bring about the
decomposition of dead
plants and animals

Return various
important minerals

For the running of the

biogeochemical cycles
 20

WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM..?
21
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DEFINITION
• A group of organisms interacting among
themselves and with environment is known as
ecosystem. Thus an ecosystem is a community of
different species interacting with one another
and with their non living environment
exchanging energy and matter.
 24

IMPORTANCE....!!!
• Conservation of Environment
• Resource Allocation
• Energy Conservation
• Eco-Friendliness
 25

BIODIVERSITY
DEFINITION, PRINCIPLES
AND THREATS
 26

ETYMOLOGY OF BIODIVERSITY...

•The term “BIODIVERSITY”

was first coined by the
Entomologist E.O. Wilson in
1986. According to him, it
refers to
the variety of life on the planet or Biodiversity may
be defined as the totality of different organisms.
 27

DEFINITIONS....
 28

According to Oxford
English Dictionary –

The variety of plant and animal life in the

world or in a particular habitat, a high level
of which is usually considered to be
important and desirable.
 29

According to the United

Nations Environment Programm
(UNEP) -

Biodiversity typically measures

variation at the genetic, species,
and ecosystem level.
 30
Levels of the
Biodiversity...
Biological diversity is usually analyzed at
three different levels, each of which has its
own significance. These are :
1. Ecosystem
Diversity
2. Species Diversity
3. Genetic Diversity
 1. Ecosystem 31

Diversity..
#.Depending largely upon the availability of the of
abiotic resources and conditions of the
environment an ecosystem develop its own
characteristic community of living.
#.For ex.- A small pond constitute an ecosystem
and possesses a set of flora and fauna different
from a river which is another type of ecosystem.
#. Different type of forests, grass lands, lakes,
rivers, wet-land etc. represent diverse ecosystem
each with a different biotic component.
 32
Grass land
ecosystem...
River 33

Ecosystem..
 34
Forests
Ecosystem...
Pond 35

Ecosystem..
 36
Species
Diversity..
#. The biotic component in an ecosystem may be
composed of few species only or a large
number of species of plant, animals and
microbes, which react and inter – act with
each other and with abiotic factor of the
environment.
#. The richness of species in an ecosystemis
usually referred to as Species Diversity.
Species 37

Diversity...
 Genetic
38

Diversity...
•#.Within a species there are often found a number
of varieties or races or strains which slightly differ
from each other in one, two or a number of
characters such as shape, size, quality of their
product, resistance to insects, pests and diseases,
ability to withstand adverse conditions of
environment etc.
•#. These differences are due to slight variations in
their genetic set up.
Genetic 39

Diversity...
 40

THREATS TO
BIODIVERSITY
 41

WHAT CAUSE THREATS TO IT...

#.Biodiversity is under serious threat as a result
of human activities.
#.The main dangers worldwide are population
growth and resource consumption, climate
change and global warming, habitat
conversion and urbanization, invasive alien
species, over- exploitation of natural resources
and environmental degradation
 42

MAJOR THREATS
...
• HABITAT LOSS
• GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
• OVER EXPLOITATION
• ALIEN SPECIES INVASION
• OVER HUMAN POPULATION
 43

1. HABITAT LOSS
• It can be described, when an organism loses it home.
• Reasons of habitat loss by human :
#. Agriculture forming
#. Harvesting natural resources for
personal use
#. For industrialization and
urbanization
development
Habitat loss has been currently ranked as
primary cause of species extinction world
wide .....
Habitat 44

loss....
 Natural disasters 45

too...
Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions
and natural bush fires all affect the many
different ecosystems on our planet. Initially,
these disasters negatively affect
the biodiversity of wetlands, forests and coastal
systems by causing the spread of invasive
species, mass species mortality
and loss of habitat.
Habitat loss by natural disasters 46
..
 Solutions for 47

this...
• Protecting remaining section of habitat
• Reduce human population and expansion of
urbanization and industries
• Educating the public about the importance of
natural habitat and bio diversity ..
• Planting more trees.
• Provide better solutions for wildfire..
 48

2. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ...

• Changes to the climate system have been

observed at a global scale, in the
measurements of temperature at the surface,
and the middle atmosphere, increased sea
level, increased sea surface temperature,
increased ocean heat content, and increased
water vapour in the atmosphere.
Climate change is very 49

harmful...
 50

3.OVER EXPLOITATION
• Overexploitation means harvesting
species from the wild at rates faster than
natural populations can recover.
• Overfishing and overhunting both are
types of overexploitation.
• Currently, about a third of the world's
endangered* vertebrates are threatened
by overexploitation.

*
05 / angered - seriously at risk of extinction.
 51

OVERFISHING
 52

RESULT OF OVERFISHING…

• Removal of essential predators

• Growth of algae
• Financial losses
• Removal of endangered fishes
• Unbalanced food chain
 Alien species
53

Invasion
• Invasive alien species are plants, animals,
pathogens and other organisms that are non-
native to an ecosystem, and which may cause
economic or environmental harm or adversely
affect human health.
• Alien species – a species that has been
intentionally or unintentionally introduced to a
location, area, or region where it does not
occur naturally..
 54
AN INVASIVE ALIEN
SPECIES
Parthenium hysterophorus :-
#. Parthenium can almost grow anywhere and
spreads extremely rapidly, displacing valuable
forage species.
#. It is toxic to livestock and can have
detrimental impacts on human health, causing
respiratory problems and dermatitis.
#. If unmanaged, it can reduce crop yields by
more than 90%.
 55

IMPACTS
• Poisonous to cattle
• Release toxins into soil to stunt growth of
native plants
• Loss of land
• Reduces native biodiversity
• Negatively impacts livelihoods
 56

SOLUTIONS TO THIS…

• Manual control :-
It is possible to prevent further spread of
Parthenium by destroying the plant before it
flowers. This is difficult because it cannot be
manually removed as it causes irritation to the
skin. Equally, the use of machinery to remove the
plants can result in increased seed dispersal.
 57

Continue ….
• Chemical control :-
Various herbicides, when
applied in high volume, have been
found to be effective in managing the
plant. However, these methods are
both expensive and unsustainable.
 58

Continue ….
• Biological control :-
Biological control has been
deemed the best sustainable solution
to a Parthenium infestation. A
beetle* has been introduced to some
parts of India which has eradicated
the weed in some locations.
 59

HUMAN OVERPOPULATION

• Human overpopulation is among the most

pressing environmental issues, silently
aggravating* the forces behind global
warming, environmental pollution, habitat
loss, consumption of finite natural resources,
such as fresh water, arable* land and fossil
fuels, at speeds faster than their rate of
regeneration. However, ecological issues are
just the beginning...
 60
What Causes Overpopulation?

• An increased birth rate and lower birth

mortality rates.
• Decreased overall mortality rates and
increased life spans.
• Introduction of foreign species — does
not generally apply to humans
 61
MAJOR EFFECTS OF
OVERPOPULATION…

• Plant and Animal Extinction

• Climate Change
• Pollution
• Reducing Forest Area
 62

SOLUTIONS…
• Social Awareness…
• Importance of family planning…
• Tax Benefits or Concessions…
 Major Principles of 63

the
Biodiversity...
The following ecological principles describe the assumptions
needed to plan actions for conserving biodiversity:
Principle 1:The objectives of management of land, water and living
resources are a matter of societal choices.
Principle 2: Management should be decentralized at the lowest
appropriate level.
Principle 3: Ecosystem managers should consider the effects (actual or
potential) of their activities on adjacent and other
ecosystems.
Principle 4:Recognizing potential gains from management, there is usually a
need to understand and manage the ecosystem in an
economic context. Any such ecosystem-management
programme should.
Principle 5:Recognizing potential gains from management, there is usually a
need to understand and manage the ecosystem in an
economic context.
Principle 6: Ecosystem must be managed within the limits of their functioning
 Major Principles of the 64

Biodiversity...
Principle 7: The ecosystem approach should be undertaken at the
appropriate spatial and temporal scales
Principle 8: Recognizing the varying temporal scales and lag-effects that
characterize ecosystem processes, objectives for ecosystem
management should be set for the long term.
Principle 9: Management must recognize the change is inevitable.
Principle 10: The ecosystem approach should seek the appropriate balance
between, and integration of, conservation and use of
biological diversity.
Principle 11: The ecosystem approach should consider all forms
of relevant information, including scientific and
indigenous and local knowledge, innovations
and practices.
Principle 12: The ecosystem approach should involve all
relevant sectors of society and scientific
 65
Principle 1:The objectives of management of
land, water and living resources are a matter
of societal choices…
• Different sectors of society view ecosystems in
terms of their own economic, cultural and
society needs.
• Both cultural and biological diversity are central
components of the ecosystem approach, and
management should take this into account.
• Societal choices should be expressed as clearly as
possible. Ecosystems should be managed for their
intrinsic values.
 66

Principle 2: Management should be

decentralized to the lowest appropriate
level…

#.Decentralized systems may lead to greater

efficiency, effectiveness and equity.
#.The closer management is to the ecosystem,
the greater the responsibility, ownership,
accountability, participation, and use of local
knowledge.
 67

Principle 3: Ecosystem managers should consider the

effects (actual or potential) of their activities on adjacent
and other ecosystems
• Management interventions in ecosystems often
have unknown or unpredictable effects on other
ecosystems; therefore, possible impacts need
careful consideration and analysis.
• This may require new arrangements or ways of
organization for institutions involved in
decision-making to make, if necessary,
appropriate compromises
 68

Principle 4: Recognizing potential gains from

management, there is usually a need to understand and
manage the ecosystem in an economic context. :
• Any such ecosystem-management programme should:
Reduce those market distortions that adversely affect
biological diversity;
Align incentives to promote biodiversity conservation
and sustainable use;
Internalize costs and benefits in the given ecosystem to
the extent feasible
 69

Principle 5: Conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning, in order to maintain

ecosystem services, should be a priority target of the ecosystem approach.

• Ecosystem functioning and resilience depends on

a dynamic relationship within species, among
species and between species and their abiotic
environment, as well as the physical and chemical
interactions within the environment.
• The conservation and, where appropriate,
restoration of these interactions and processes is
of greater significance for the long-term
maintenance of biological diversity than simply
protection of species.
 70
Principle 6: Ecosystem must be managed
within the limits of their functioning…
#. In considering the likelihood or ease of
attaining the management objectives,
attention should be given to the
environmental conditions that limit natural
productivity, ecosystem structure, functioning
and diversity.
#. The limits to ecosystem functioning may be
affected to different degrees by temporary,
unpredictable of artificially maintained
conditions and, accordingly, management
should be appropriately cautious.
 71

Principle 7: The ecosystem approach should be undertaken at the

appropriate spatial and temporal scales

• The approach should be bounded by spatial and

temporal scales that are appropriate to the objectives.
• Boundaries for management will be defined
operationally by users, managers, scientists and
indigenous and local peoples. Connectivity between
areas should be promoted where necessary.
• The ecosystem approach is based upon the
hierarchical nature of biological diversity
characterized by the interaction and integration of
genes, species and ecosystems.
 Principle 8. Recognizing the varying temporal scales and 72
lag-effects that characterize ecosystem processes,
objectives for ecosystem management should be set for
the long term.
…
Ecosystem processes are characterized by varying temporal scales
and lag-effects. This inherently conflicts with the tendency of
humans to favour short-term gains and immediate benefits over
future
. ones.
 73

Principle 9. Management must

recognize the change is inevitable
…
# Ecosystems change, including species
composition and population abundance.
Hence, management should adapt to the
changes. Apart from their inherent
dynamics of change, ecosystems are beset
by a complex of uncertainties and potential
"surprises" in the human, biological and
environmental realms..
 74
Principle 10. The ecosystem approach should seek the
appropriate balance between, and integration of,

conservation and use of biological diversity .

…
. There has been a tendency in the past to manage
components of biological diversity either as protected or
non-protected. There is a need for a shift to more flexible
situations, where conservation and use are seen in context
and the full range of measures is applied in a continuum
from strictly protected to human-made ecosystems
Principle 11: The ecosystem approach should consider 75

all forms of relevant information, including scientific

and indigenous and local knowledge, innovations and
practices.

• A much better knowledge of ecosystem functions and

the impact of human use is desirable.
• All relevant information from any concerned area
should be shared with all stakeholders and actors,
taking into account, inter alia, any decision to be taken
under Article 8(j) of the Convention on Biological
Diversity.
• Assumptions behind proposed management decisions
should be made explicit and checked against available
knowledge and views of stakeholders.
 Principle 12: The ecosystem approach 76

should involve all relevant sectors of

society and scientific disciplines…

Most problems of biological diversity

management are complex with many
interactions, side-effects and implications,
and therefore should involve the
necessary expertise and stakeholders at
the local, national, regional and
international level, as appropriate.
 77

Biodiversity of India
 Total land area of India -
143 million.ha
 India occupies 2.47% of the
World’s geographical area
and has only 1% of the forest
 India has 16.1% of world
human population and 15.1%
of cattle population
 Forest cover in India-23.57%
Continued…. 78

 India is sharing 12.53 % of world’s

biodiversity

 India has 3.9 % of grasslands, 2.0

% of hot deserts, 4.1 m.ha of
wetland ecosystems.

 India is the 7th largest country in

the world and one among the 17
mega diversity centers.
 Among 36 globally identified
biodiversity hotspots, India
harbours 4 hotspots and they are-
 Eastern Himalaya
 Indo-Burma
 Western Ghats and Sri-Lanka
 Andaman and Nicobar island
 79
India recorded :

 45,000 + species of wild plants

 89,000 + species of wild animals

 At least 320 species of wild relatives of crops

have been originated here.
 1,39,000 species of plants,
animals and microbes are
recorded
 More than 4 lakh species are yet to
be identified
 There are three mega centers of
endemism and 26 micro centers of
In general, Indian species are categorised into
the following groups based on the intensity of
threat :
1. Endemic species
2. Critically endangered
3. Endangered
4. Vulnerable species
 81

Endemic species
• These are the species found only in a particular
geographical region because of its isolation, soil
and climatic conditions.
 Endemic species in India

Tiger Dhole (Indian wild Snow leopard is an

dog) endangered species
found along the
Himalayas

Golden Langur Black Buck Asiatic lion

 Lion
Indian peacock Brown fish
tailed
macaque owl

Indian cobra Clouded leopard Indian elephant

8
3
 Indian
Red panda Olive ridley turtles
vulture

Oplismenus thwaitesii Gymnostachyum Impatiens

febrifugum sivarajanii

8
4
 85

Endangered species
• These are the species whose numbers are
critically low and their habitat is so drastically
reduced that they are in danger of extinction
 Endangered Species

Ganges River Dolphin Amur Tiger Royal Bengal Tiger

Black-footed Ferret Blue Whale Blue Fin Tuna

8
6
Giant
Panda

Snow Leopard

8
7
 Critically endangered species

AMUR LEOPARD HAWKSBILL TURTLE LEATHERBACK TURTLE

Cross river gorilla Sumatran Tiger Javan Rhino

8
8
 Vaquit
Sumatran orangutan
a

Saola

8
9
 90

Vulnerable / Threatened species

• These are the species whose population number
are decreasing and are likely to become
endangered with time.
• The list of threatened animals have been listed in
a book called “RED DATA BOOK” RDB.
• RDB was first formulated by Sir Peter Scott.
• The major threatened categories under IUCN
are Extinct (Ex), Endangered (En), Vulnerable
(VU), Rare (R) & Interminate species
 Vulnerable species

Dugong Great White Shark Red Panda

Whale shark Polar Bear Irrawaddy Dolphin

9
1
 92

Biodiversity is known for its multiple benefits.

• The three main benefits commonly cited for

preservation of biodiversity are:
• Economic benefits
• Ecological benefits
• Ethical benefits
 MAIN PURPOSE OF CONSERVATION OF
BIODIVERSITY
1. To continue & sustain the eco system.
2. To sustain Variety of gene pool.
3. Development of Tourism.
4. To Maintain economic growth.
5. Conservation of food resources.
6. To save social values.
7. To save Ethical values.
8. To save optional values.
9. Medicinal use for the benefit of Human.
10. To save endangered species, rare species & Vulnerable
species.
9
3
 94

MAIN TECHNIQUES OF CONSERVATION

OF BIO- DIVERSITY
In-situ Conservation:
• In situ conservation is the on-site conservation
• It is the process of protecting
an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat, either by
protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself, or by defending the species
from predators

Ex-situ Conservation:
• Ex situ conservation literally means "off-site conservation".
• It is the process of protecting an endangered species of plant or
animal outside its natural habitat.
• For example, by removing part of the population from a threatened
habitat and placing it in a new location, which may be a wild area or
within the care of humans

22
 95

IN-SITU
CONSERVATION
1. Botanical Garden. KAZIRANGA NATIONAL PARK

2. National Park.
3. Sanctuary
4. Reserve forest.
5. Biosphere Reserve.
6. Bird Sanctuary.
7. Tiger project. HIMALAYAN CHITAH
8. Crocodile project.
9. Zoo garden.
10. Conservation of water land.

TIGER PROJEC2T3
EX-SITU
CONSERVATION
1. Gene Bank.
2. Sperm Bank.
3. Ova Bank.
4. Seed Bank. GENE BANK

SEED BANK
HA! HA! ----SURVIVED!