CEA Saclay Experience

Pierre Védrine, CEA Saclay, Irfu

 Workshop on
Compact and Low Consumption Magnet Design
for Future Linear and Circular Colliders

EUCARD-2 WP3: Energy Efficiency

(EnEfficient)
 INSTITUTE OF RESEARCH INTO THE FUNDAMENTAL
LAWS OF UNIVERSE

Institute of Research into the Fundamental laws of Universe

Astrophysics Accelerators,
Space technologies Supra. Magnets

Detectors, electronic,
Nuclear Physics
computing

Particle Physics Systems engineering

Irfu/SACM is developing and realizing particle accelerators, cryogenic

systems and superconducting magnets for the scientific programs of Irfu and
more widely of CEA.
Irfu/SACM is involved in large scale projects in Europe and in Japan.

2
 PAST EXPERIENCES
MAGNETS FOR PARTICLE PHYSICS

ATLAS Toroid magnet

LHC quadrupole magnet

CMS solenoid magnet

3
 SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS
BACKGROUND

ATLAS and CMS: largest magnets

Design and follow-up manufacturing

LARGE magnets
Construction
For physics GLAD (GSI)
For neuroscience ISEULT
Testing
For fusion W7X & JT60SA
R&D
Nb3Sn and HTS magnets
Cryogenic systems
Multi-scale simulations
LHC Upgrades
Q4 NbTi Quadrupole for HL LHC
16 T Nb3Sn Dipole for FCC

| PAGE 4
(COMPACT AND LOW CONSUMPTION)
ATLAS EXPERIMENT

5
 ATLAS IN COPPER CONDUCTOR !

Electrical Power > 100 MW

Winding size > 2-3 m

Weight > 5000 t of conductor

Reduced space for the detectors

 MAGNET DESIGN FOR FUTURE PROJECTS

Magnets for HEP detectors High Field Magnets Cooling Schemes

Efficient choice of conductor

Efficient magnet design
Efficient cryogeny for magnets

Save space for applications (detector, sample, …)

Reduce size, weight and cost …
Save helium, electrical consumption, | PAGE 7
 FUTURE CIRCULAR COLLIDER-HH

Geneva

PS
SPS
LHC

LHC HE-LHC FCC-hh FCC-hh

27 km, 8.33 T 27 km, 20 T 80 km, 20 T 100 km, 16 T
14 TeV (c.o.m.) 33 TeV (c.o.m.) 100 TeV (c.o.m.) 100 TeV (c.o.m.)
 FCC / 100 TEV PROTON-PROTON DETECTOR MAGNET

100 TEV proton-proton collider needs a giant solenoid with followings design drivers
(extracted from H. ten Kate slides presented at FCC Workshop @ CERN, 27 May 2014)

30/05/2023 | PAGE 9
 FCC / 100 TEV PROTON-PROTON COLLIDER DETECTOR

A preliminary magnetic design has been performed at Saclay (G. Aubert) with
two driven hypothesis:
- Overall density to limit at 200MPa the hoop stress: ~7A/mm²
- Active shielding (120 000 t of iron required if passive shielding)
CMS Solenoid
FCC Solenoid
2.7 GJ
22 GJ
12.4 m length
24 m length
6.6 m diameter
10 m diameter

30/05/2023 | PAGE 10
 WHY NOT FCC DETECTOR MAGNET WITH MGB2?

In order to work at 10K

Today Jc MgB2 @10K/5T # 20 A/mm² but progress on-going

Jc in very large solenoid is limited by the stress (7A/mm² -> 200MPa)

| PAGE 11
 WHY NOT FCC COLLIDER SOLENOID AT 10K?

To decrease the liquefier electrical power

From 4.2K to 10K, the efficiency increase is about 2.5 (Carnot based)

It could be possible to use the CMS liquefier (around 800 W at 4.45K & 4500 W at
50 K)

The actual CMS heat load at 4.4K is 200W

- 60% from radiative load
- 40% from supports load

Scaling assumption from CMS to FCC

- Radiative load is proportionnal to the surface
- Support load is proportionnal to the volume(=mass)

The FCC solenoid load at 4.4 K would be 1600W.

If a power equivalent to CMS refrigerator is « adapted » at 10K, the available power

could be about 2000W.
MGB2 R&D AT SACLAY: MULTIPURPOSE TEST FACILITY

Conduction cooled facility:

- Background field 3T (can be increased up to 5T)
- Temperature from 4K up to 40K
- Sample current up to 600A
- Sample diameter 300 mm
- Necessary for Wind&React MgB2 wire

13/32
13/21
 MGB2 R&D AT SACLAY: PANCAKE WINDING

DP cross section

Double Pancake winding

1 T / 2km wire solenoid under

manufacturing to be tested under 3T
background field

DP impregnation
14/21
 MGB2 R&D AT SACLAY: PARTNERSHIP AND PROJECTS

Industrial partnership:
- Winding technology development with SigmaPhi
- Wire material exchange agreement with Columbus
- Cryogen-free and MgB2 development support by Bpi France

Future:
- French ANR proposal “EcoChamp” for high field MgB2 solenoid
(LNCMI, SigamPhi, Columbus)
- FCC support for large MgB2 cable development ?

15/21
 HIGH FIELD MAGNETS FOR RESEARCH

Magnetic fields serve as a powerful experimental probe

in physics, chemistry and in biology,

Numerous studies in physics, chemistry and biology require high

magnetic fields, homogeneous in space and stable in time.

Currently, magnetic fields above 23 T can only be generated by

resistive magnets, consisting of large water-cooled copper-based
coils in which large currents circulate.

Large electrical power consumption (typically 20 MW) and very

high operating costs, and only a few of such installations exist in the
world, giving access to all-resistive fields up to 38 T, and to hybrid
LTS-resistive fields up to 45 T.
30/05/2023 This access is however very limited and very costly. | PAGE 16
 The 8.5 T Superconducting magnet
for the 43 T LNCMI hybride magnet.

Collaboration between CNRS and the CEA

Goal: To offer a 43 Tesla static field platform

to the scientific community.

Superconduction coil Specifications:

Ri : 0.55 m - Re : 0.9 m - L : 1.4 m - W : 17 t
37 Double pancakes – 7100 A – 3 H – 76 MJ
Hybride Specifications:
43 T in 34 mm warm bore

Cryogenics design:
Pressurized Superfluid Helium bath at 1.8 K &
1200 hPa
34 TESLA RESISTIVE MAGNET

Bitter
9T
30 kA
400 V
12 MW

PolyHelix
25 T
5 à 15 kA
400 V
2 x 6 MW
 A ROBUST 8.5 TESLA SUPERCONDUCTING
MAGNET

8,5 T
7,1 kA
76 MJ
18 mm
RUTHERFORD CABLE ON CONDUIT CONDUCTOR
700 kW
The superfluid helium in the channel gives the Liquefier and
pumps included
temperature margin for the coil. He II is 8 times more
energetics than cupper in the same volume. 13 mm
A SUPERFLUID HELIUM INFRASTRUCTURE
 HIGH PERFORMANCE CRYO-MECHANICAL
SUPPORT FERRULES
To reduce the heat load 0.3 W @ 1.8 K
9.2 W @ 4.9 K
0.95 MN
1.2 m - 316 LN

SC Coil

37 W @ 30 K
237 W @ 77 K
3.98 MN
0.25 m - TA6V

Eddy current shield

 HIGH FIELD
SUPRECONDUCTING MAGNET OPTION

| PAGE 22
 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT

By developing all-superconducting magnets for fields beyond 30 Tesla,

running costs would be considerably reduced,
with negligible electricity and moderate cooling costs.

This is a very important development for the financial sustainability of

the research in, and technical applications of, very high magnetic fields
in a context of rising electricity costs, particularly for high field NMR.

The operation of a resistive magnet demands the entire power of the

installation, and requires efficient cooling to remove this dissipated
energy.

The environmental impact is also to be taken into account when we

consider that currently only a minor fraction of this energy can be
recovered.
 30T + FULLY SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNET

The aim of this project is to make a design of an

all-superconducting user magnet that will go significantly above
what is currently available, and to test critical components in a
prototype.

The design target chosen is a 30+ Tesla

(30 T minimum and more if possible) solenoid magnet.

A possible design that was suggested consists of a commercial

large-bore 19 T NbTi-Nb3Sn outer coil with an 11 T inner coil
made from HTS conductors, with an inner bore of 30 mm for sample.

TASUM H2020 Design study proposal

| PAGE 24
 COMPACT COOLING METHODS |
COUPLING TO CRYO-COOLER
Closed natural circulation loop Helium Ø4 mm circulation loop around 4.2 K
h~5000 W/m2K
qc=500 W/m2
- Flow is created by the weight
unbalance between the two branches (density change)
- No pumps or pressurization system
- Vapor is re-condensed in the reservoir

Autonomous loop
- Auto-tuned mass flow rate (cooling)
- Independence from a refrigeration unit
Heliu m ent rance

Different temperature ranges

Cryocooler
cold head
+
Condenser

Heat Fluid flow

Y. Song et al., Nucleate boiling heat transfer in a helium natural circulation
exchanger ThermAutonome project, CEA Saclay loop coupled with a cryocooler, International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer, Volume 66, November 2013, Pages 64-71

34 cm

19,5 cm
– Perfect for 100 W compact class system located far from a refrigeration unit
 COMPACT COOLING METHODS |
COUPLING TO CRYO-COOLER
• Pulsating heat pipe
– Pressure change due to volume expansion and contraction at
phase transition
– Oscillation of liquid slugs and vapor bubbles
– High heat transfer due to phase change and convection
Cryocooler
– No gravity dependency 170 W @ 77 K
– Easy to implement (Any geometry possible) 36 tubes PHP LN2 100 W class PHP

– Autonomous thermal links PHP Adiabatic part

• Self sustained oscillations (cooling)
• Independence from a refrigeration unit ThermAutonome project, CEA Saclay
PHP evaporator part
PHP Condenser

– Different temperature ranges

SR2S project, CEA Saclay

K. Natsume, Heat transfer performance of cryogenic oscillating heat pipes for effective cooling of superconducting
magnets, Cryogenics, Volume 51, Issue 6, June 2011, Pages 309-314

– Perfect for 100 W compact class system located far from a refrigeration unit without
any geometry dependency
 SAVE THE ENERGY….

30/05/2023 FAILURE (Pong ! ) or POWER (Bingo !)