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UNIT – III
PETROLOGY
• Classification of rocks
• Distinction between Igneous, Sedimentatary and
Metamorphic rocks. Description occurrence,
engineering properties and distribution of following rocks-
Igneous rocks - Granite, Syenite, Diorite, Gabbro,
Pegmatite, Dolerite and Basalt
• Sedimentary rocks sandstone, Limestone, Shale Conglo,
Conglomerate and breccia.
• Metamorphic rocks, Quartzite, Marble, Slate, Thyllite,
Gniess and Schist.
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Petrology:
The branch of geology dealing the various aspects of rocks such as their
formation, classification and occurrence is called petrology. Based on the
formation, origin and chemical composition the rock can be classified into
three classes.
• Igneous rock
• Sedimentary rock
• Metamoraphic Rock
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IGNEOUS PETROLOGY
The rocks that have been formed from an original hot, molten materials through
the processes of cooling and crystallization, may be defined as igneous rocks.
The hot molten material occurring beneath the crust of the earth it is called magma.
(when it comes out from the earth interior to the surface of the earth is called lava).
During their journy it comes out on the earth surface and solid to from rock, this is called
extrusive igneous rock some part of the magma may be arrested within the crust during
their upward journey and solidifying to from rock it is called intrusive igneous rocks.
The intrusive igneous rocks, which formed at great depth is called plutonic rock. The
intrusive igneous rocks which formed at shallow depths is called hyp-aby sal rocks. So
based on the modes of formation the igneous rock can be classified into three 1) Plutonic
2) Hyp – abyssal and 3) Volcanic rock.
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Average Chemical Composition of igneous rocks
10 Others = 1.34
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Average Mineralogical Composition Of Igneous Rocks
Feldspars 59.54
Biotite 3.82
Pyroxenes and Amphiboles 16.85
Titanium 1.53
Quartz 12.06
Apatite 0.67
Accessory Minerals 5.8
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FORMS OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
Based on the mode of forms igneous rocks can be classified into different forms as
follows
If an intrusive mass happens to cut across the structure of the pre – existing rocks
of the country , it is said to be a discordant body.
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Concordant igneous body:
It an intrusive mass run parallel to the structure of the country
rocks is called concordant.
Dyke:
Vertical formation of discordant intrusive igneous rocks are
called dyke.
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Sills: Horizontal formation of intrusive igneous rocks are
called sills.
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Ring dyke: An arctuate dyke occurring more or less in the
form of a complete or nearly complete circular called as ring
dyke.
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LACCOLITHS: Are discordant igneous bodies with their lower
surface flat and upper surface arched in the form of a dome
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Pacolet:
Concordant igneous bodies more are
less crescentic in shape occurring along
the crests and troughs of the fold of
country rocks.
Batholiths:
It is an discordant igneous body
of extremely large dimensions so much
so that their exposed upon the surface.
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Sheet structure:
The development of joints within the igneous
rocks has often been found to bring about the
formation of certain types of characteristic
structure. Development of one set of well
defined joints always brings about a slicing
effect on the massive igneous rocks body if all
such slices are horizontal, formed due to
development of one set of closely spaced
horizontal joints plants the structure is define as
sheet structure
Platy structure:
Some times one of the different sets of joints
developed in an igneous rock body may be so
conspicuous that on striking the rock mass, only
thin plates of rocks are broken off from the mass
and this feature may be defined as platy
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Columnar structure:
Most of the extrusive igneous bodies the cooling of the mass brings about
the development of a few sets of vertical joints. Such set of vertical joints
of ten intersect and thus divide the rock mass into a number of vertical
columns which may be square, rectangular, rhombic, trigonal etc., when
an igneous rock mass is divide in this fashion into a number of vertical
columns the structure is described as columnar structure.
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Block lava:
Acidic lavas do not flow, due to their remarkable
viscosity, to great distances and during solidification are
found to often a very rough surface. Such lava flow is
known as block lava.
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Roby lava:
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SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
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• Compaction and cementation transform
sediments into sedimentary rock.
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Classification of Sedimentary Rocks
RESIDUAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: These rocks are formed due to accumulation and
consolidation of those materials which were left as residue during the operation of the
processes of weathering and transportion, common example are laterite, bauxite, etc.,
ORGANIC SEDIMENTS: These are the products of accumulation of organic matter and
are preserved under suitable conditions.(Example : coal, fossiliferous limestone, etc.,)
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Structures of Sedimentary Rocks
Lamination : Layering, bedding or stratification is a very characteristic
features of the sedimentary rocks. If the individual layers be extremely
thin, the structure is known as lamination and the layers are described
as laminae.
Fissility : Sometimes flaky minerals like mica lie parallel to the bedding
planes of sedimentary layers and due to this reason, the rock may be
easily fractured along the direction of bedding plane is known as
fissility.
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Torrential bedding : When deposition takes place in such a manner that thin
horizontal beds, made up of fine materials, are found to lie in alternation with coarse
and current bedded deposits, the resulting structure is known as torrential bedding.
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Ripple marks :These are the undulation surface of loose sediments due either to
action of wide of waves in a shallow water – body.
Mud cracks : In huge masses of fine – grained sediments, drying under sub –
aerial conditions due to this processes the creaks are developed. This is known
as mud – cracks these are also known as sun cracks since they are formed due
to the effect of solar heat.
Rain-Prints :These are formed on the top – surface of loose sediments many
cause the development of markings, impressions or foot – prints, etc, which are
known as tracks and trails.
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Sedimentary Rocks are Classified
Sedimentary rock have been classified on the basis of their
• mineralogical composition
• environmental of deposition
• mode of formation
• texture and structural feature
Clastic rock
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Rudites
Arenites
Lutites
Non clastic rocks
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Clastic rock
• These rocks are also called as mechanically formed sedimentary rocks .
• These kind of rocks are formed due to weathering, transportation and
deposition of rock fragment by the natural agents like wind, water and ice
etc.,
• Further the clastic rocks are classified based on the average grain size.
Gravel: All the sediments and fragments or rocks irrespective of their
composition and shape which are bigger than 2mm it is further divided into
Boulders (256 mm)
Cobbles (256mm –16mm)
Pebbles (16mm 2 mm)
Sand: The sand grain size between 2mm and 1/16 mm . it is further subdivide
into
Coarse sand (2mm to ½ mm)
Medium Sand (1/2 mm to ¼ mm)
Fine sand (1/4mm to 1/16 mm)
Silt: These are very fine size particles in the size between (1/16mm –
1/256mm)
Clay: All sedimentary particle fines in size than 1/256mm.Based on the
predominance of sediments of a particular grade the clastic rocks are sub divide
into following three major classes.
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1. Rudites: These are also called as rudaceous rocks, it include all
coarse grain clastic rocks having the grain size above 2mm clay is the
common cementing materials (breccias and conglomerates)
2. Arenites: These are also called arenaceous rocks. These are mode up
sediments of sand grade(2mm-1/16 mm)
i.e. sand stone, Grey wackes and Arkose.
3. Lutites: These rocks are also called as argillaceous rocks. These rocks
are made-up of very fine particles like silt and clay.(i.e. Shale’s, Clays
and Mudstone)
Non clastic rocks: This groups includes all those sedimentary rocks that have
been formed by
The physical and chemical alteration of solid rocks that transform their
texture, structures and mineral composition in response to change in
their environment conditions within the earth.
These are pre – existing rocks of igneous and sedimentary rocks that
have been changed in texture , structure and mineral composition by
physical and chemical processes, the physical changes include
• Crushing of grain
• Recrystallization
• Interlocking of grain
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CAUSES OF METAMORPHISM
Pressure :
The pressure is either vertical rocks load, causes by the weight of overlying rock.
Hydrostatic pressure of inter granular fluids. Both types of pressure increase when
increase the depths .
The dynamic or unbalanced tangent pressure associated with tectonic movement .
Heat : The heat may be earth heat, associated with the thermal gradient that is a
heat increase of 20 C per KM of depth.
Fluids :The active fluids includes not gases, especially stream and carbon dioxide
and hot solutions conditions the ions of common elements such as sodium and
calcium.
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CLASSIFICATION OF METAMORPHISM
Optalic metamorphism: Burning of the country rocks along the fringing of minor
igneous intrusive is defined as Optalic metamorphism .
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• Hydrothermal metamorphism :This type of metamorphism is
produced by hot magmatic water that have been heated mobilized and
chemically changed by igneous intrusions.
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Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks
These are the products of consolidation of Sedimentary rocks are the products of
magmas weathered igneous Rocks.
Formed due to eruption and solidification or Formed due to deposition and cementing of
cooling of magma. weathered rock material on the surface of
Based on the formation, it can be classified into
the earth due to pressure.
two type intrusive igneous rock and extrusive Based on the formation it can be classified
igneous rocks. into 1. residual sedimentary rocks,
Internal forces operate the formation of 2.mechanical sedimentary rock
igneous rocks. (ie. Volcanos, arthquake and 3.chemically formed sedimentary rock and
tectonic movement) organic sedimentary rocks
Occurrence of mineral grains igneous External agents such as running water,
rocks can be classified into polycrystalline andglacier, wind, sea water, etc.,are the force
hemi crystalline . which operate the formed of sedimentary
Granite, diorite, syenite, gabbro and rocks.
dolerite are the common igneous rocks. Based on the grained size it can be
This kind of rocks are also called Primary Rocksclassified into rudaceous, arenaceous and
argillaceous rocks.
Breccias, Conglomerates, Sandstone,
Shale’s, Limestone, Bolomite and Coal are
the common sedimentary rocks.
This kind or rocks are also called as secondary
rocks
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Metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rocks are the products of the igneous and
sedimentary rocks
Formed due to change of texture, structure and mineral
composition by physical and chemical processes.
Based on the formation these rock can be classified into thermal
metamorphism, dynamic metamorphism and dynamo thermal
metamorphism.
Physical and chemical agents such as 1.temperature 2.pressure
3.stree and 4.chemical reactive substances operate the
formation of metamorphic rocks.
Based on the texture, structure and mineral composition,
metamorphic rocks can be classified into foliated and non –
foliated rocks
Slate, gneiss, schist, quartzite’s, morble, phyllite and hornfels are
the common metamorphic rocks.
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IMPORTANT SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• Breccias
• Conglomerate
• Stand stone
• Shale
• Lime Stone
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Breccias
Basal Breccias
This is formed by the sea water advancing over a coastal region covered
with fragments of rocks.
The advancing waters supply the fine mud, which spread over the rock
fragment and act as a binding material.
Once the sea water retreats the rock fragment get cemented together to
form breccias.
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Fault Breccias or Crush Breccias
The angular and clay like rock materials are produced during the
processes of faulting.
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Agglomerate Breccias or Volcanic Breccias
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Conglomerate
• Basal conglomerates
• Glacial conglomerates
• Volcanic conglomerates
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Stand stone
Color : Stand stone show a variety of colors ,red , brawn, gray and
• Quartzite
• Marble
• Slate
• Phyllite
• Gneiss
• Schist
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QUARTZITE : It is a granular metamorphic rocks composed
chiefly of quartz grains. It is a granular rock characterized by a
tendency of fracturing through the grains rather than along the
grains under heavy load
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QUARTZITE
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SLATE : Slate is an extremely fine – grained metamorphic rock
characterized by a slaty cleavage by virtue of which it can be split
into thin sheets with parallel smooth surfaces.
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SCHIST
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SCHIST : These are megascopically crystalline metamorphic rocks
characterized by a typical schistose structure.
Texture and structure : Most varieties are typically schistone in structure and
megascopically crystalline in texture.
Composition : Micas, chloride, talk, hornblende, tremolite and kyanite are quite
common constituents of many schists.
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SCHIST
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GNEISS: A gneiss is a megascopically crystalline metamorphic rock.
A typical gneiss will show bands of mica and other play minerals alternating
with bands of equidmensional minerals like felspars, quartz, garnet etc.,
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GNEISS
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MARBLE : Marble is essentially a granular metamorphic rock
composed chiefly of recrystallized calcite
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MARBLE
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PHYLLITE : It is a medium to fine grained metamorphic rock of
complex silicate composition.
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PHYLLITE
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IMPORTANT IGNEOUS ROCKS
Occurrence: Commonely occur as intrusive bodies of dyke, sill, stocks and other
intrusives.
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Syenites: It is plutonic, even grained igneous rocks. Alkaline feldspar are the
chief constituent minerals.
Gabbro
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