SMALL SCALE WASTE

WATER TREATMENT
PLANT
Sr.no Name Enrollment no
1. Parmar Dhaval Kamlesh Bhai 206450306098
2. Sarang Jaykumar Kanaiyalal 206450306101
3. Vinay Maisuriya 206450306104
• INTRODUCTION
• WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION
• METHOD OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL
• FIELD STUDY
• SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
• REFRENCE
 INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS WASTE?
Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any
substance which is discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective
and of no use. A by-product by contrast is a joint product of relatively
minor economic value. A waste product may become a by-product, joint
product or resource through an invention that raises a waste product's
value above zero.

TYPES OF WATERWASTES?
There are two types of wastewater
First of all, wastewater can be broken down into two broad categories –
sewage and non-sewage.
WHAT IS SEWAGE?
Sewage is wastewater that comes from domestic activities. That includes
houses, public toilets, restaurants, schools, hotels and hospitals. These
buildings all produce a lot of wastewater on a daily basis, which generally
contains urine.

WHAT IS NON-SEWAGE?
Non-sewage covers all other types of wastewater. That includes rainwater
and stormwater from flooding, water from commercial activity like
garages or launderettes and water from industrial plants.

WASTEWATER IN YOUR HOME

In a domestic sense – the kind we’re all most familiar with – wastewater
is split into three categories – black, grey and yellow.
WHAT IS BLACKWATER?
Blackwater is wastewater that comes from your toilet, kitchen sink and
dishwasher. It contains all the contaminants you would expect from these
appliances and fixtures. Faeces, urine and toilet paper, bits of discarded
food and plenty of cleaning liquids and chemicals are found in
blackwater. As a result, the water is highly contaminated and could
potentially cause disease.

WHAT IS GREYWATER?
In simple terms, grey water is black water without urine, faeces or food
waste. It comes from baths, bathroom sinks and washing machines (for
clothes). While it does contain chemicals and cleaning liquids, it’s much
more suitable for re-use because it’s not pathogenic.
WHAT IS YELLOW WATER?
Finally, yellow water is essentially pure urine. It’s urine from specific
sources which doesn’t have any of the contaminants found in greywater
or blackwater like chemicals, toilet paper, fasces and food particles.
 WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION

WHAT IS WASTEWATER AND WHAT IS IT MADE UP OF?

Human waste or more technically referred to as ‘excreta’ is defined by
Chamber’s Concise 20th Century Dictionary as “useless matter
discharged by animal alimentary”, animals being humans in this context.
Excreta is made up of a solid matter, faces, and a liquid matter, urine and
is essentially an organic compound. The constituents making up the
compound are carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, sculpture and hydrogen.
Also present are fats, carbohydrates, enzymes, proteins, trace elements,
pathogens and many different bacteria.
WASTE WATER COMPOSITION
The composition of wastewater is 99.9% water and the remaining 0.1% is
what is removed. This 0.1% contains organic matter, microorganisms and
inorganic compounds. Wastewater effluents are released to a variety of
environments, such as lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, estuaries and oceans.
Wastewater also includes storm runoff, as harmful substances wash off
roads, parking lots and rooftops.
General types of water pollutants include pathogenic organisms, oxygen-
demanding wastes, plant nutrients, synthetic organic chemicals, inorganic
chemicals, microplastics, sediments, radioactive substances, oil, and heat.
Sewage
SOURCE OF WASTE WATER
Sources of wastewater include homes, shops, offices and factories, farms,
transport and fuel depots, vessels, quarries and mines.
Water used in toilets, showers, baths, kitchen sinks and laundries in
homes and offices is domestic wastewater.
Wastewater from manufacturing and industrial operations such as food
processing or metal refining is industrial or trade waste. This includes
liquid waste from any process (e.g. water used to cool machinery or clean
plant and equipment).
EFFECT OF WASTE WATER
It’s not a secret that there’s a real problem in the form of pollution. Many
experts estimate that if we are unable to limit global warming to 34.7
degrees Fahrenheit, the consequences may become irreversible. And
while it’s easy to simply leave the responsibility to the higher powers in
society, the indispensable truth is that this requires a collective effort in
order to successfully avert this impending disaster.
SOIL DEGRADATION
Wastewater is often treated and repurposed for use in irrigation. As
if that wasn’t bad enough on its own, water treatment processes
are not completely effective. Chemicals that are harmful to crops
 may find their way to the soil when the wastewater isn’t properly
treated. These chemicals will cause the soil to yield fewer crops at a
slower rate. Consider also the fact that these crops will eventually
be eaten, which can also harm humans.
IT CONTAINS HARMFUL SUBSTANCES
The composition of wastewater may include heavy metals,
pathogens, salts, toxic chemicals, oil and grease, solids, nutrients,
sludge, acids and bases, toxic organic compound, organic and
inorganic materials. This effluent poses numerous hazards for
humans, animals and the environment as a whole. It can be toxic,
corrosive, reactive, acidic and ignitable. Therefore, it must undergo
treatment before being reused or redirected into the water supply.
WHAT IS WASTEWATER TREATMENT?
“The term treatment means separation of solids and stabilization of pollutants. In turn
stabilization means the degradation of organic matter until the point at which chemical
or biological reactions stop. Treatment can also mean the removal of toxic or otherwise
dangerous substances (for e.g. heavy metals or phosphorous) which are likely to distort
sustainable biological. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is said to be the most general
parameter to measure organic pollution. COD describes how much oxygen is required
to oxides all organic and inorganic matter found in the wastewater sample. BOD
(Biological Oxygen Demand) describes what can be oxidized biologically, with the
help of bacteria and is always a fraction of COD. Usually BOD is measured as BOD5
meaning that it describes the amount of oxygen consumed over a five-day measurement
period. It is a direct measurement of the amount of oxygen consumed by organisms
removing the organic matter in the waste.
SEQUENCE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
 METHOD OF WASTE WATER DISPOSAL

In an industry like manufacturing, construction or oil and gas, waste generation

is an inevitable part of your everyday operations. Correct disposal is essential,
and proper liquid waste management is particularly critical because of its
potential for unexpected leaks, discharges and runoff. 
Fortunately, many options exist for ensuring effective, responsible, compliant
liquid waste disposal. The guide below will discuss how to dispose of liquid
waste and evaluate your waste disposal options.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL
Proper liquid waste disposal is essential — so much so that disposal is often heavily
regulated and tiny infractions could incur hefty fines. Your facility will need to pay
careful attention to the details of liquid waste disposal to ensure your processes are
correct and compliant.
WHY IS CORRECT LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL SO CRITICAL? HERE
ARE A FEW REASONS:
Environmental protection: Improper liquid waste disposal can inflict grave damage
on the surrounding environment. It can disrupt the balance of aquatic ecosystems and
kill marine organisms. Or it can seep into the soil, kill plants, destroy natural habitats
and cause biodiversity loss. 
Human health protection: Inadequate liquid waste disposal can also make people
seriously ill. If waste fluids leak, spill or run off over the ground, they can contaminate
the groundwater and surface water sources that people use for drinking. If treatment
plant filters cannot address the contaminants, people may ingest them. They may
develop gastrointestinal illnesses, heavy metal poisoning or other severe conditions
depending on the composition of the waste. 
CLASSIFICATIONS OF LIQUID DISPOSAL
Liquid waste may come in a few different forms:
Sanitary sewage: Sanitary sewage typically comes from a home or community and contains human waste
and wash water. It includes toilet, bath, laundry, lavatory and kitchen sink wastes. Its composition is
typically about 99.9% water and 0.1% organic and inorganic impurities. 

Industrial sewage: Industrial sewage comes from facilities involved in manufacturing. The processes that
produce industrial sewage span a range of operations, such as pharmaceuticals manufacturing, paper and
textiles manufacturing, chemical processing and oil and gas refining. This sewage usually has a high
chemical concentration. 

Storm sewage: Storm sewage consists of the surface runoff that flows into municipal sewers during heavy
rainstorms. Storm sewage often contains dirt, twigs and other debris that screens at sewage treatment
plants must filter out. It may also contain suspended and dissolved solids, organic matter and other
substances it accumulates as it travels over the Earth’s surface. 

Mixed sewage: Mixed sewage combines two or three of the single sewage types. Storm sewage may mix
with sanitary sewage on its way to the sewage treatment plant, or a standard sewage treatment plant may
receive an influx of industrial wastewater from a nearby facility. 
LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS
Below are seven of the most common liquid waste disposal processes:

1. Dewatering
Dewatering works well to compact nonhazardous waste and make it more suitable for disposal. In this
process, the facility generally pumps the liquid waste into a sturdy bag and removes the water, leaving
only solid waste. A landfill typically does not accept free liquid, but the solid, nonhazardous waste can
go to the landfill for disposal. The water receives filtration and treatment as necessary.

2. Sedimentation
Sedimentation is similar to dewatering in that it separates water from solid waste. It uses gravity instead of
centrifugal force to pull the two states of matter apart. During sedimentation, a facility leaves its liquid
waste in a sedimentation basin. As long as liquid waste flows quickly, its velocity is often enough to keep
solid particles in suspension, so the design of a sedimentation basin reduces that velocity. As the
wastewater flows slowly through the basin, solid suspended particles settle to the bottom in a layer of
sludge. 
3. Composting

Alternatively, facilities can turn their liquid nonhazardous waste into compost. The
facility first removes the water from the waste, leaving behind organic matter that
contains nutrients like nitrogen, potassium and sodium. Using naturally occurring
microorganisms, the facility can then turn the material into organic fertilizer that will
also contain these beneficial nutrients to help crops and other plants grow. 
Compared to many other methods of liquid waste disposal, composting is relatively
inexpensive. It is also exceptionally easy on the environment — even advantageous for
soil and plant growth. 

4. Incineration

Sometimes facilities dispose of their hazardous waste by incinerating it. The heat from
specialized furnaces can remove acids, chemicals, oils, rock tailings, slag and other
waste matter, leaving only water behind. There are two types of furnaces used for this
technique:
Fluidized-bed furnace: A fluidized-bed furnace is an industrial furnace that uses
pressure to cause a bed of solid particulate matter or solid-fluid mixtures to behave like
a fluid. These incinerators contain one heated, bubbling bed of sand, ash or limestone
with oxygen pumped in to facilitate heat combustion. Their large size allows for
complete, efficient burning. 
Multiple-hearth furnace: A multiple-hearth furnace uses many stacked chambers to
incinerate large volumes of wastes at different stages, all at steady, consistent rates.
Because the chambers are stacked, they are compact and easy to fit into cramped
quarters, and they are also relatively inexpensive to build and install. 
5. Root-Zone Treatment

Root-zone treatment is most useful for relatively clean domestic wastewaters like
kitchen water and bathroom shower and sink water. This treatment is a complex method
that sends liquid waste through a sedimentation tank and then through various additional
filtration processes — including, ultimately, the roots of growing plants. The result is
water that meets the necessary standards for release into the environment. 

6. Solidification
Liquid waste solidification involves adding binding agents to wastewater until the waste forms a
compact, rigid, easily disposable solid. Many solidification processes use lime ash, sawdust,
cement kiln dust, lime kiln dust, gypsum, phosphate or fly dust to add bulk and rigidity to liquid
waste, or they may use asphalt or cement for added reinforcement. After solidification,
companies can ship the solid blocks of waste to approved landfills for disposal or waste-to-
energy facilities for incineration and energy generation. Solidification often combines with a
process known as stabilization. Solidification alters the waste’s physical properties, making it
harder, stronger or less permeable and enclosing any hazardous contents. Stabilization makes it
less likely for hazardous components to leak into the environment — for instance, by making
them less mobile, soluble or toxic.
7. Disposal
The remaining alternative is to dispose of the liquid waste as it is, often with the
assistance of a professional waste management company. In this case, the facility
collects its liquid waste in the appropriate drums. Then the waste management
company picks them up, transports them and disposes of them according to applicable
state and federal guidelines. This option is particularly appealing for companies that
wish to remain compliant with regulations without investing significant time and
energy into keeping up with them. 
Considerations When Choosing Your Liquid Waste Disposal Method
No single waste disposal technique is most effective for every situation. When you
choose a liquid waste disposal method, you’ll need to weigh the pros and cons, assess
your waste generation patterns and disposal requirements and make a decision that best
suits your needs. Below are a few considerations to keep in mind as you deliberate:
Soil formation and stability: The disposal site you’re considering should have stable
soil that can hold waste in place. Softer, looser soils may permit shifting and leaks. If
this is the case in your area, you may need to choose a method like incineration that
bypasses land disposal.
Land space: The availability of adequate land for liquid waste disposal will also
inform your choice. If space is minimal, you may find your disposal possibilities
limited, so you may need to avoid solidification and other methods that would create
massive quantities of waste. 
Waste quantity: Similarly, if your facility produces high volumes of liquid waste,
you’ll need to choose a disposal method that can accommodate them. Though
composting is good for the environment, you may not be able to spare the resources for
it if your waste volumes are too high. 
Necessary treatment: Some liquid wastes contain minimal impurities and need only
light treatment. Others are heavily contaminated and will require aggressive treatment
before they are ready for disposal. For sanitary sewage and its high biosolid
concentration, for instance, root-zone treatment would be insufficient. Make sure the
disposal method you have in mind is thorough enough to keep you compliant with
regulations. 
Well water sources: Look into whether residents in your area use well water. If so,
find out the source of the water supply. You’ll want to make sure your disposal site is
safely far away from the water source. 
Surface water sources: Similarly, if a proposed disposal site for your liquid waste is
close to surface water sources, you’ll also need to keep away from those. A leak from
the disposal site could cause contaminated runoff to flow into the surface water sources
and jeopardize locals’ health and well-being. 
Water table level: The level of the water table for groundwater is also an essential
consideration. If the water table level is high, disposal sites will need to remain shallow
to avoid contaminating the water. 
Cost: Apart from environmental concerns, the expense of liquid waste disposal is also
a significant factor. Evaluate the relative costs of the disposal technologies you’re
considering and determine which will fit best into your facility’s budget. 
 Field Study

ABOUT BHADBHUT

Bhadbhut is a Village in Bharuch Taluka in Bharuch District of Gujarat State, India. It is located
16 KM towards west from District head quarters Bharuch. 19 KM from . 202 KM from State
capital Gandhinagar

Bhadbhut Pin code is 392012 and postal head office is Maktampur .

Bhuva ( 2 KM ) , Vadva ( 3 KM ) , Amdada ( 3 KM ) , Kasva ( 4 KM ) , Taria ( 4 KM ) are the

nearby Villages to Bhadbhut. Bhadbhut is surrounded by Bharuch Taluka towards East ,
Anklesvar Taluka towards East , Hansot Taluka towards South , Amod Taluka towards North .

Bharuch , Ankleshwar , Karjan , Surat are the near by Cities to Bhadbhut.

Locality Name : Bhadbhut ( ભાડભૂત )
Taluka Name : Bharuch
District : Bharuch
State : Gujarat
Language : Gujarati and Hindi
Current Time 12:12 PM
Date: Saturday , Dec 24,2022 (IST)
Time zone: IST (UTC+5:30)
Elevation / Altitude: 20 meters. Above Seal level
Telephone Code / Std Code: 02642
Pin Code: 392012
Post Office Name: MaktampurTop of Form
Bhadbhut Local Language is Gujarati. Bhadbhut Village Total population is 3835 and
number of houses are 786. Female Population is 49.1%. Village literacy rate is 58.3%
and the Female Literacy rate is 25.8%.
 Population of Bhadbhut
Census Parameter Census Data

Total Population 3835

Total No of Houses 786

Female Population % 49.1 % ( 1882)

Total Literacy rate % 58.3 % ( 2234)

Female Literacy rate 25.8 % ( 990)

Scheduled Tribes Population % 27.0 % ( 1036)

Scheduled Caste Population % 3.0 % ( 115)

Working Population % 40.6 %

Child(0 -6) Population by 2011 474

Girl Child(0 -6) Population % by 2011 46.6 % ( 221)