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Application of Derivative Curve Sketching
Application of Derivative Curve Sketching
4
• Applications of the First Derivative
• Applications of the Second Derivative
• Curve Sketching
• Optimization I
• Optimization II
Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Increasing/Decreasing
A function f is increasing on (a, b) if f (x1) < f (x2)
whenever x1 < x2.
0 4
f is increasing f is decreasing
on , 0 4, on 0, 4
Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Relative Extrema
A function f has a relative maximum at x = c if
there exists an open interval (a, b) containing c
such that f ( x) f (c) for all x in (a, b).
A function f has a relative minimum at x = c if
there exists an open interval (a, b) containing c
such that f ( x) f (c) for all x in (a, b).
y
Relative
Maxima
x
Relative
Minima
Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Critical Numbers of f
A critical number of a function f is a number in
the domain of f where
f ( x) 0 or f ( x) does not exist.
(horizontal tangent lines, vertical tangent lines
and sharp corners) y
f ( x ) 0 f ( x) undefined
x 2 1 0 or x 3 3x 0
x 0, 1, 3
Relative max. Relative min.
f (1) 3 2 f (1) 3 2
+ + - - + +
x
3 -1 0 1 3
f – +
x
f concave down
2
f concave up on
on , 2 2,
Step 2.
Peak efficiency means that the rate of growth is
maximal, that occurs at the point of inflection.
N (t ) 0 t 2.
Horizontal Asymptote
The line y = b is a horizontal asymptote of the graph
of a function f if
lim f ( x) b or lim f ( x) b
x x
3x 1
Ex. f ( x)
x 5
f has a vertical asymptote at x = 5.
x 2 4 x 5 ( x 1)( x 5)
f ( x) 2
x 25 ( x 5)( x 5)
x 1
f ( x) when x 5
x 5
f has a vertical asymptote at x = 5.
3
f has a horizontal asymptote at y .
5
4. No Asymptotes
5. f ( x) 3 x 12 x 9; f inc. on (−∞, 1) U (3, ∞); dec. on (1, 3).
2
0,1
4. Horizontal: y = 2; Vertical: x = −3
6
5. f ( x) 2
; f is increasing on (−∞,−3) U (−3, ∞).
( x 3)
6. No relative extrema.
18
7. f ( x ) 3
; f is concave down on (−3, ∞) and concave
( x 3) up on (−∞, −3).
8. No inflection points
Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
2x 3
Sketch: f ( x)
x3
y
y=2
3 x
,0
2
0, 1
x = −3
Absolute
Minimum
Copyright © 2006 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Absolute Extrema
If a function f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b],
then f attains an absolute maximum and minimum on
[a, b]. y
y y
a b x x x
a b a b
Critical values at x = 0, 2
f (0) 0
f (2) 4 Absolute Min.
Evaluate 1 7
f
2 8
f 4 16 Absolute Max.
(3, 1)
x
x
x 4 – 2x x
V lwh (4 2 x)(4 2 x) x ; x in 0, 2 ......
V ( x) 16 32 x 12 x 2
4(2 3 x)(2 x)
2
Critical points: x 2,
3
V (2) 0
V (0) 0
2
V 4.74 in 3
3
r
2.5