Perception and Learning

2.0 Learning Outcome

 
Define perception and the importance of perception

Explain the factors that influence perception

Explain attribution theory and the three determinants of attribution

Identify the shortcuts in making judgements about others

Explain the link between perception and decision making

- Define learning and its importance to the organization

Watch this ….

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6hZJ7dH9qg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DadIBPZVaNE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uyC0ODWhrzQ
2.1 What is Perception?

“Perception refers to the interpretation of what we

take in through our senses.

“ perception is the process by which people select,

organize and interpret information to form a
meaningful picture

The way we try to understand

the world around us
 Perception
The process of perception is at the root of our
understanding, behaviour and actions.

Managers need to understand the importance of perception

and communications in guiding behaviour and for effective
personal and work relationships with others.
 Perception
PERCEPTION

MEMO
Overtime expenses incurred &forecast

Head of HR
HR planning – Supply vs
Demand

Head of Marketing
Financial problems
Cut expenses

 Interpretations Head of Operations

Workflow / problems
 Reactions
Old Woman or Young Girl?
Perception Process
Factors Influencing Perception

Individual who makes

Perceiver the perception

Situation We see the object or

experience the event

Target
Items which we intend to
make perception on
 PERCEIVER
 The individual who makes the perception.
 Each individual is different therefore interpretation is different.
 Among individual characteristics which would influence perception:
 their past experiences
 their motivation level and motivation drivers
 attitudes

 individual personality
 motives

 expectations
 OBJECT OR TARGET
 Objector target are the items which we intend to make
perception on.
Characteristics of the target or the object affect the
perception
Example: motion, sound, background, proximity as well as
the similarity which the target has
 SITUATION

 Thesituation would be the context in which we see the

object or experience the event.
 Time
 Work environment
 Social environment
Activity
Choose an image
and explain
what’s your
perception of
that image
 PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS
Perceptual Distortions – Shortcuts

Shortcuts hinder us in making and giving the correct meaning

to the situation.

Shortcuts need to be avoided.

It is very dangerous to an organization’s productivity and

effectiveness.
Perceptual Distortions
Selective Perceptions
Halo Effects
Similar to me effects/Projections
First Impression Errors
Stereotypes
Contrast Effects
 1. Selective Perception
 The tendency to focus on a particular aspect and
ignoring others when encountering another person or
situation.

 Selective
perception may have positive or negative
impact on the person being perceived depending on
what the perceiver is focused on.

 Ex: Only notice brands we like

 2. Halo Effect
 The tendency to draw a general
impression based on a single
characteristic, e.g. appearance,
intelligence, etc.
 Supervisorrates an employee on the basis
of only one trait e.g. intelligence,
punctuality, cooperativeness appearance
etc.
 3. Projection
 Tendency for people to see their own traits in other
people
 They protect their feelings, personal characteristics,
attitudes or motives onto others
 4. Similar-to-me Effect
 Thetendency to gravitate to those similar to us or
see them in a more positive light compared to those
who are different.
 Youdo it successfully and other’s will also do it We tend to
favour/like or
successfully as you.
give favourable
judgement to
those who are
similar to us
 5. Contrast Effect
 Making comparisons with other people who performed
either better or worse than the one you are evaluating.

 Forexample, watch reality shows like Akademi Fantasia,

One in A Million, Gang Stars or Mentor. How do you
evaluate a performer based on the one before him or her.
6. Stereotyping

 Beliefs that all members of a

specific group have similar
characteristics and tend to
behave in the same way.

 These thoughts or beliefs may

or may not accurately reflect
reality.
How to Overcome
Misperceptions or Biases
 We need to identify our stereotypes and hold them in check when dealing
with different individuals.

 In evaluating people, it should be based on objective factors and not just

one or two criteria.

 We also have to avoid making rash judgments

without considering all relevant factors.

 Being aware of our biases help us to understand

the shortcomings of our misperceptions.
 Learning
 When we make perceptions about others, it is one of
the many ways of learning from and about the
environment around us.
 Learning help us make sense of the behaviors as well as
acquire new knowledge in the organization, and we
subsequently emulate or adopt these behaviors.
 Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior.
 Learning
There are three theories which explain a learning process:
Classical Conditioning
We react & respond due to the influence of something external &
leads us to respond in a specific way of behavior
Operant Conditioning
A learning process which occurs through rewards & punishment
for behaviour
Social Learning
A learning process where we learn through observation & direct
experience
The Brain and Learning
 The human brain is located
in the skull.
 It is a white greyish matter.
 It weighs about 3 pounds.
 It is full of creases.
 It is divided into two
hemispheres.
 Each hemisphere or
cerebrum is divided into
four lobes, namely,
occipital, frontal, parietal
and temporal lobes.
LEFT-BRAIN/RIGHT-BRAIN TEST

http://testyourself.psychtests.com/testid/3178
MY RESULT:
Left-Brain/Right-Brain Test

Studies on patients with brain damage have allowed scientists to determine how each side of the brain controls different functions. The left hemisphere, for example, specializes in language skills and
logic. The right hemisphere allows us to recognize shapes and faces and express and read. Most people are not likely to be strictly left-brain or right-brained - we use each side of our brain depending on
the task we're dealing with. However, some theorists and researchers believe that there may be one side of the brain that we draw on more, which can in turn make the personality traits characteristic of
that side of the brain to be more dominant than others.

How to read your results: If you score closer to the right side of the graph, your
personality is more characteristically right-brain. If you score closer to the left side
of the graph, your personality is more characteristically left-brain. If you score
somewhere in the middle, you share characteristics of both sides of the brain.

Overall Result 58

Both your right and left hemisphere seem to have reached a level of perfect harmony
- rather than trying to dominant each other, they work together to create a unique
and well-balanced "you". Your spontaneous, impulsive, and free-flowing right brain
creates an exciting and adventurous world, while your left brain helps you make
sense of it and keep track of everything.

When faced with a problem or a tough decision, you're not only able to break things
down and make an informed and sensible choice, but you're also not afraid to go with
your gut when necessary. You tend to express your individuality both in words and
actions, and although you're perfectly comfortable running on a schedule or planning
things ahead of time, there are occasions when you love to throw in a little
spontaneity.

Your balanced outlook and approach to life creates a desire in you to not only
understand the world, but to also take it in your hands and mould it as you see fit.
With both your right and left hemispheres working together to guide you, you are
able to understand yourself and life in general from so many wonderful perspectives.

This report is intended for personal growth purposes only. Professional versions for HR professionals, coaches or therapists are available. For more information, visit http://www.archprofile.com/.
Left- and Right-Brain Learning Model

Left-brain dominant Right-brain

learners dominant learners

Prefer things in sequence More comfortable with

randomness
Learn best from parts to Learn best from wholes to
wholes parts
Prefer a phonetic reading Prefer a whole-language
system reading system
Like words, symbols and Like pictures, graphs and
letters charts
 .6.2 Left- and Right-Brain
Learning Model (cont.)

Left-brain dominant Right-brain dominant

learners learners

Rather read about a Rather see it or experience

subject first a subject first
Want to gather related Want to gather information
factual information about relationships among
things
Prefer detailed orderly Prefer spontaneous, go
instructions with the flow, learning
environments
The 12 Brain/Mind Learning Principles
 The brain is a complex adaptive system.
 The brain is a social brain.
 The search for meaning is innate.
 The search for meaning occurs through patterning.
 Emotions are critical to patterning.
 Every brain simultaneously perceives and creates parts and
wholes.
 Learning involves both focused attention and peripheral
attention.
Homework …
1. What is perception?
2. What are the factors that influence perception?
3. What are common misperceptions?
4. Are the decisions of a manager for the
organization influenced by perception?
Reminder
Presentation (WEEK 3) – 5%
Punctual (8.15AM – 9.30AM)
No 2nd chance will be given if you are LATE
Submit your power point slides
Formal attire
Everyone to present
 Reminder
Quiz 1 (WEEK 4) – 10%
12th March 2020
Punctual (8.30AM – 9.30AM)
No 2nd chance will be given if you are
LATE
Chapter 1, 2 & 3
 THANK YOU
SEE YOU TOMMOROW