module 1

Permanent magnet DC motor

 Permanent magnet DC motor

*The permanent magnet is used to create the magnetic field

in a DC motor and is called permanent magnet DC motor or
PMDC motor

*It has higher efficiency, less space requirement, and better

cooling

*PMDC is the best solution for motion control and power

transmission applications

*Its compact size, wide operating speed range, ability to

adapt to a range of power sources or the safety
considerations of low voltage are also important.

*The magnets are radially magnetized and are mounted on

the inner periphery of the cylindrical steel stator.
*
Similar to a DC motor, it has commutator segments and
brushes.
Construction
A PMDC motor mainly consists of two parts.
1. Stator
2. Rotor
Stator
The stator is a steel cylinder and the magnets are mounted in
the inner periphery of this cylinder.
The steel cylindrical stator also serves as the low reluctance
return path for the magnetic flux.
The permanent magnets are mounted in such a way that the N-
pole and S-pole of each magnet are alternatively faced toward
the armature.
Although field coil is not required in permanent magnet dc
motors, sometimes they are used along with permanent
magnets.
This is because if permanent magnets lose their strength, these
lost magnetic strengths can be compensated by field excitation
through these field coils.
 Permanent magnet DC motor
Rotor
The rotor of PMDC motor is similar to the armature of other DC Motors.
It is made of a number of silicon steel sheets to reduce eddy current loss.
It consists of core, windings, commutator, and brushes.

There are three types of armature structures available:

1. Slotted Armature
2. Slot less Armature
3. Moving Coil

Slotted armature
The slotted armature is made up of silicon sheet steel or carbon sheet steel which are punched together or mounted on
the shaft.
The armature has slots on its periphery.
Armature conductors are placed on these slots and properly connected to form armature windings.
A core having many slots is usually desirable, because the greater the number of slots, the less the cogging torque and
electromagnetic noise.
Cores having even numbers of slots are usually used due to ease of production.
But core with odd numbers of slots is preferred due to low cogging torque (torque ripples).
 Permanent magnet DC motor

Slot less armature

In this type of construction, the conductors are fixed on the outer periphery of the core.
Slots are absent
The advantage of this construction is the reduction in torque ripples.
In this case, the torque is exerted on the conductors uniformly distributed on the rotor surface.
Due to larger air gap, flux decreases.
Therefore, larger volume of PMs must be used to get sufficient magnetic flux.

Moving coil Armature

In this type of construction, the iron core is replaced by non-magnetic core which is usually made of glass fiber.
This has the advantage of low inertia and no iron loss in the armature.
The commutator and brushes are very small and made of metals like gold, silver platinum etc.
Small-sized commutator and brushes help in stable commutation.
 Permanent magnet DC motor
Types of Permanent Magnets used in Electrical Machines
1. Alnico
2. Ceramic or Ferrite
3. Somarium Cobalt (Sn2Co17)
4. Neodymium Iron Boron
 Principle of Operation

when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a

force.
The direction of force is given by Fleming’s left-hand rule
Magnitude is given by F = BIl,
where B is the flux density, I is the current through the conductor and l is
the length of the conductor.
Part of a PMDC motor
Consider a part of the PMDC motor
Let the armature carry current in the direction shown in Fig when the supply is switched ON.
Due to the interaction between the current and the magnetic field, the conductor experiences a force.
The force is in the direction shown.
As the conductors are placed on the rotor, the rotor starts rotating in the CCW direction.
Once the armature starts rotating, a back emf is produced in the armature winding.
The direction of the back emf is opposite to the applied voltage.
The applied voltage has to force the current through the armature conductors against this back emf.
The electrical energy for overcoming this opposition is converted into mechanical energy developed in the armature.
 Performance characteristics of PMDC

The torque-speed characteristic is almost straight lines

which indicate the suitability of PMDC motors for servo
applications.

Linear relationships exist between input current and

torque.

The efficiency of PMDC motors is improved and is much

higher than that of conventional DC motors
 Brush less DC Motor

The main problem associated with PMDC motor is the commutation with the help of brushes.

BLDC motor eliminates this problem.

There is no commutator and brushes.

Since the commutator and brushes are absent, maintenance is no longer required, and problems associated with brushes
are removed.

The armature is stationary and the PM field system is mounted on the rotating shaft.

The commutation is achieved by using semi-conductor switches instead of the mechanical commutator.

Compared with PMDC motors, BLDC motors have higher efficiency, smaller size, and better cooling.
 Construction of PMBLDC Motor

The field poles of this motor are essentially made of the

permanent magnet.
Which is the rotor.
A BLDC motor mainly consists of two parts:
1. Stator
2. Rotor
Stator
• Stator of a BLDC motor made up of stacked steel laminations to carry the windings.
• These windings are placed in slots that are axially cut along the inner periphery of the stator.
• These windings can be arranged in either star or delta.
• However, most BLDC motors have three phase star connected stator.
• Each winding is constructed with numerous interconnected coils, where one or more coils are placed in each slot.
Rotor
• BLDC motor incorporates a permanent magnet in the rotor.
• Its function is to produce the required magnetic field.
• In order to achieve maximum torque in the motor, the flux
density of the magnet should be high.
• Permanent magnets offer very high flux density.
• Ferrite magnets are traditionally used to make permanent
magnets.
• Here permanent magnet rotates and the armature remains
static.
• The number of poles in the rotor can vary from 2 to 8 pole pairs
with alternate south and north poles depending on the
application requirement.
• More poles give smaller steps and less torque ripple.
Position Sensor
• A Brushless DC motor requires an electronic commutator to rotate the rotor.
• In order to rotate the motor, the windings of the stator must be energized in a sequence.
• The position of the rotor (i.e. the North and South poles of the rotor) must be known to precisely energize a particular
set of stator windings.
• The hall effect sensor provides information about the position of the rotor at any instant to the controller which sends
suitable signals to the electronic commutator.
• For the estimation of the rotor position, the motor is equipped with three hall sensors.
• Each sensor generates Low and High signals whenever the rotor poles pass near to it.
• The exact commutation sequence to the stator windings can be determined based on the combination of these three
sensor responses.
CLASSIFICATION
Principle of Operation of PMBLDC Motor

Drive Circuit of PMBLDC

 Principle of Operation of PMBLDC Motor

• In the case of a BLDC motor, the armature is stationary and the permanent magnet is rotating.
• Stator windings of a BLDC motor are connected to a voltage-fed inverter circuit as shown in Figure.
• The inverter converts DC voltage into variable frequency voltage.
• The motor is provided with a position sensor, which provided the necessary signals for switching the appropriate power
switches of the inverter.