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Reasoning
NGSS: SEP # 7 Engaging in argumentation from evidence
E5: Read, write, and speak grounded in evidence
M3 & E4: Construct viable arguments and critique reasoning of others
Why are we focusing on this?
• There are a number of important reasons for engaging elementary students
in scientific explanation. Constructing and critiquing evidence-based
explanations engages students in authentic scientific practices and
discourse, which can contribute to the development of their problem-
solving, reasoning, and communication skills. These abilities are
consistent with those characterized as twenty-first century skills necessary
for a wide range of current and future occupations (Krajcik & Sutherland,
2009; National Academies, 2009). Constructing scientific explanations can
also contribute to students’ meaningful learning of science concepts and
how science is done. Both components are necessary for scientific
literacy and evidence-based decision making in a democratic society.
What is a “Claim”?
• The claim is the concluding statement that answers the original
focus question or problem.
• The claim is usually one to two sentences in length.
• It must be accurate, specific, and completely answer the question
or problem.
What is “Evidence”?
• Evidence is scientific data that supports the claim.
• Not all data is evidence.
• Data needs to be appropriate, relevant, and specifically support the claim.
• Evidence may consist of data from an investigation, research from vetted
(authentic and accurate) sources, textbooks, personal experience, or
class notes.
• Several pieces of evidence are necessary to back up the claim
What is “Reasoning”?
• Reasoning is the justification linking the claims and supporting evidence.
• It demonstrates why the data you chose is appropriate as evidence.
• The reasoning often is the “conclusion” of the investigation.
• Reasoning demonstrates a clear understanding of the scientific
principle(s) investigated and uses accurate, appropriate science
vocabulary.
• The reasoning will generally be several sentences in length.
An Example
• Claim:
I can create a better habitat for amphibians (the leopard frog) at
Crab Creek drainage, Grant County by restoring or maintaining
permanent wetlands near existing sites and by monitoring the
hydrology of the area, potentially affecting amphibians through
rapid changes in water levels during critical embryonic and larval
periods.
Evidence
• Most wetlands are covered with water for less than a month during the
summer.