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CHAPTER 5

MAGAZINES

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 Give at least one example of the impact of
muckraking on political or social reform.
 Compare the different economic strategies
used in the magazine publishing industry
to target a mass or segmented audience.
 Discuss how technology has changed the
magazine business.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES (CONT’D)
 Define the measurements of audience,
circulation number, and pass-along rate.
 Understand intellectual property and
copyright issues.

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EARLY MAGAZINES
 Great Britain: Gentleman’s Magazine
(1731)
 First American magazines: American
Magazine, General Magazine and
Historical Chronicle (1741)
 Miscellanies

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FIRST AMERICAN PRINT MEDIA
(SLIDE 1 OF 4)

 Copyright Act of 1790


 Gave authors, publishers exclusive rights
 Royalties paid to reproduce work
 Magazines limited to better-educated,
wealthy elite, and a small, growing
middle-class

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FIRST AMERICAN PRINT MEDIA
(SLIDE 2 OF 4)

 Publishers took up political causes:


“Federalist Papers”
 Port Folio – Federalist Party
 First magazine with substantial national
circulation

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FIRST AMERICAN PRINT MEDIA
(SLIDE 3 OF 4)

 Literary miscellanies: Saturday Evening


Post (early 1800s)
 Introduced American writers
 Illustrated weeklies: Harper’s Weekly
introduced Civil War drawings

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FIRST AMERICAN PRINT MEDIA
(SLIDE 4 OF 4)

 America reads
 Improved conditions for magazines
 Improved U.S. postal system
 Improved methods of transportation
 More people appreciated literature as an
important form of knowledge, entertainment

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MUCKRAKING
 Investigative reporting
 Reformers pushed for justice
 McClure’s, editor Ida Tarbell and Standard Oil
 Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
 Muckraking led to legislation
 Pure Food and Drug Act
 Mann Act
 Meat Inspection Act

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MODERN MUCKRAKING
 Less politics, more sex
 Targets corruption, abuse of power
 The Nation
 Mother Jones
 Web magazines
 Blogs

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MODERN MAGAZINES (SLIDE 1 OF 2)
 After 1920s, magazines competed with
radio and film
 Some magazines tried mass appeal;
others targeted narrow, loyal audiences
 Advertising shifted to television, though
many magazines thrived

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MODERN MAGAZINES (SLIDE 2 OF 2)
 Proliferation of specialized magazines
 1950: 250 magazines
 Today, there are more than 20,700
magazines
 Desktop publishing & Web lowered
barriers to entry

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TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
 After Gutenberg
 Rotary press (1846)
 Photoengraving (1861)
 Offset printing (post-WWII)
 Computer to plate (1970s)
 Desktop publishing (1990s)
 Bar-code/“QR” scanners (2000s)

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DIGITAL PUBLISHING
 Migration of magazines to the Web
 Increased popularity of magazines for e-
readers, tablets, smartphones
 Electronic cash registers, bar codes
transformed industry

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INDUSTRY: GOING GLOBAL
 Magazines target readers
 Audience = circulation X readers per copy
 Most revenue (60 percent) is from
advertising
 Other revenue:
 Subscriptions (30 percent)
 Single-copy sales (10 percent)

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MAGAZINE INDUSTRY
 New magazines must appeal to new
market segment
 Many new magazines acquired by
conglomerates
 Time Warner owns 19 magazines (13
percent of company revenue)

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CIRCULATION AND ADVERTISING
(SLIDE 1 OF 2)

 Consumer magazines
 Subscriptions = 90 percent of circulation
 Single-copy sales = more revenue per copy
 Trade magazines
 Highly-targeted audience
 Often subscription only

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CIRCULATION AND ADVERTISING
(SLIDE 2 OF 2)

 Some magazines struggling


 Circulation has dropped
 Free information online
 2007 recession
 So has advertising
 Magazines, newspapers, TV, radio, online
media

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DISTRIBUTION AND MARKETING
 Influence of magazine wholesalers,
distributors
 Places magazine in store, in particular
location on newsstand
 Exception: Wal-Mart bypasses distributors

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GENERAL AND SPECIAL INTEREST
 Magazines for every taste
 Consumer magazines
 Segmented media
 Elite audiences
 Business audiences

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CHANGING ROLE OF MAGAZINES
 Competition with expanding media
options
 Must accommodate audiences and times
 Competition with blogs (People vs. TMZ)
 Interactive apps

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