EVAPORATION

FROM
FREE SURFACE: water
balance method, energy balance
method, mass transfer method, penman
equation, empirical methods and direct
 • It is a process by which liquid water passes
directly to the vapor phase.
• Evaporation is the process of changing
from a liquid or solid state into vapor
(like fog, mist, or steam).

Evaporation
• It occurs commonly in everyday life
and industrial processes. Such as
open-air reservoirs, pools and etc.
 • The water balance method is an accounting
of inputs and outputs of water.
• The water balance of a place, whether it is an
agricultural field, watershed, or continent, can
be determined by calculating the input and
output, and storage changes of water at the

Water Balance earth’s surface.

Method
• The major input of water is from
precipitation and output is evaporation and
transpiration.
WATER BALANCE METHOD or WATER
BUDGET TECHNIQUE
WATER BALANCE METHOD or WATER
BUDGET TECHNIQUE
WATER BALANCE METHOD or WATER
BUDGET TECHNIQUE
WATER BALANCE METHOD or WATER
BUDGET TECHNIQUE
 • Using Empirical Formula

Empirical
 evaporation from lakes and reservoir is usually
estimated by empirical methods based on

methods / indirect metrological data.

 There are a number of empirical formulae

measurements available in the literature.

 Most of these equation are based on Dalton’s law
of evaporation.
MASS TRANSFER METHOD
MASS TRANSFER METHOD
 • Evaporation determined by the energy-budget
method is calculated on the basis of energy-

Energy balance
budget periods, which are bounded by the dates
thermal surveys are made.

method / Energy • It is an application of the law of conservation of

energy.

budget method • The energy available for evaporation is

determined by considering the incoming energy,
outgoing energy and energy stored in the water
body over a known time interval.
 ENERGY BUDGET METHOD
• Considering the water body as in the figure 3.4 the energy balance to the evaporating surface in a
period of one day is given by;

Hn = Ha + He + Hg + Hs + Hi
Where;
Hn = net heat energy received by the water surface
= Hc ( 1 - r ) – Hb
In which;
Hc ( 1 – r ) = incoming solar radiation into a surface of reflection coefficient ( Albedo ) r
Hb = back radiation ( long wave ) from water body
Ha = sensible heat transfer from water surface to air
He = heat energy used up in evaporation
= LEL , Where  = density of water, L = latent heat of evaporation,
and EL = evaporation mm
Hg = heat flux into the ground
Hs = heat stored in water in water body
Hi = net heat conducted out of the system by water flow
 ENERGY BALANCE / BUDGET
METHOD

• Estimation of evaporation in a lake by the energy balance method has been

found to give satisfactory results with errors of the order of 5% when applied
to periods less than a week.
 • In 1948, Penman combined the energy balance with the mass
transfer method and derived an equation to compute the
evaporation from an open water surface from standard

PENMAN climatological records of sunshine, temperature, humidity and

wind speed.
EQUATION • The standardized Penman equation
The RnS is calculated as(4) R nS = ( 1 - α ) · R S , where RS
is measured or estimated incoming solar radiation (MJ/m2/d); α
is reflection coefficient or albedo.
PENMAN EQUATION
 • Empirical methods are widely used to determine the time of
concentration in ungauged watersheds.

EMPIRICAL • There are different available empirical equations for estimating

evaporation;

METHODS Dalton’s equation, Meyer’s formula, Rohwer’s formula, Blaney

Criddle method, Jensen Haise method and Hargreaves method.
EMPIRICAL METHODS
THANK
Reporter: MICHOLE M. BASIA

YOU!