SCIENCE AND POWER PLAY WITHIN NATURE

CONSERVATION AREAS
Cases of Renewable Energy Development

Presented By: Santi Pratiwi

Goettingen, 19.07.2022

1
 OUTLINE

• Introduction (background and research questions)

• Theoretical framework

• Methodology

• Results (Case selection 1 & 2)

• Discussion

• Strategic options

2
 INTRODUCTION

• Global problems such as climate change, food and

energy crisis have put more pressures to the forest
and nature conservation areas

• Renewable energy as one of solutions for

sustainable development

• Trade-offs occurred due to renewable energy

development such as deforestation, habitat
fragmentation, landslides, water and air pollution,
etc (Pratiwi & Juerges, 2020)

• Deadlock and gap between the renewable energy

potential and the current installed capacity
3
 FORESTS AS RENEWABLE ENERGY GENERATION?

Geothermal Fact : Challenges:

State-owned resources, private and state-
owned developers, - Limited financial resources,
44% (12 GW) of the geothermal potential is
technology and Infrastructure
located in the protected areas as follow:
 4 environmental services permit (PJLHK, - Unfavorable policy
2021)
- Multiple conflicts
Source: MOEF &
IESR

Micro Hydro Fact :

State-owned resources, commercial and non-
commercial uses,
688 water resources with total debit 3,5
million l/s located in the conservation forest Science-based solutions
as follow:
 58 environmental services permit
(PJLHK, 2021)
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 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES

How was the role of H1: If scientific information is merged with

science-based policy? existing information then science-based
solutions are applicable in practice.

How to improve How was the H2: If actors use digital advocacy for bridging
the science- integration science and policy then the outreach of
policy interface process? scientific information to get in policies or in
process? society increases.

How was the role of H3: If researchers create alliances with

actor’s related to powerful actors then a higher degree of
power and interests? science-based solutions is achieved in the
integration and utilization.

Source: Google 5
Image
 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The RIU model represents an analytical framework that can analyze and explain the science-policy interface even

under the condition of power and interest-driven political process (Boecher & Krott, 2014).

RESEARCH INTEGRATION UTILIZATION

(scientific knowledge) (Bi-directional forum) (practical/political)

• Assessing current • Orientation toward public • Contribution to democracy

scientific information
• Compliance with the
procedures of good
scientific practice
• Cooperation with external
scientific projects and
institutions
• Independent meaningful
of scientific findings
goals • Contribution to rule of law
• Relevance for solutions to • Contribution to “good
problems governance”
• Relevance with regard to • Appropriate solutions to
allies problem
• Target group oriented • Participation in the
intermediation for the right scientific discourse
media

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 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

• Complex structure of myriad components that explain policy subsystem

Advocacy Coalition behaviors.
Framework (Sabatier,
• The framework foresees successful policymaking systems through
1998)
effective coalitions.

• A pleas for (or against) a cause and an expression of a particular

Digital Advocacy political position
(Johansson &
• Follows the three logical notions of digital access, information and
Scaramuzzino, 2019)
protests politics by negotiating on particular topic to the politicians .

• explains four roles of scientists as pure scientists, science arbiter, issue

The Honest Broker advocate and honest broker.
Theory (Pielke, 2007) • Scientist plays the role of expanding policy alternatives for decision-
makers.

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 METHODOLOGY

Data Analysis
Data Collection
The RIU Model
(Boecher & Krott
2014)

Actor Centered
Content Semi-structured Field Power Approach
Analysis interview Observation
(Krott et.al. 2003)

Social Network
Analysis
(Hanneman &
26 actors (Government, Kamojang Nature Riddle, 2005)
Laws, Regulation,
Private company, NGOs, Reserve, Kasepuhan
Policies, Reports
local community Ciptagelar
Multiple Triangulation

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 MAP OF STUDY SITES

Halimun Salak National Park

Kasepuhan Ciptagelar

Kamojang Nature Reserve

Source: 9
GoogleMap
 Case Locations
1. Kamojang Nature Reserve
• The first geothermal power plant built in protected areas
• Was illegal activity due to the restriction of use in forest
conservation policy
• The change of forest function of 2.391 hectares into Nature
Recreation Park (MoEF Decree 25/2018)
• Digital advocacy using social media and online petition to
repeal the Ministry Decree.
2. Kasepuhan Ciptagelar
 Once conflicted with Mount Halimun-Salak National Park
 Practice local culture and indigenous beliefs
 Abundant in natural resources but limited access to
electricity and technology
 Adapted to current information and technology by
developing micro hydro and solar power project
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 RESULTS: CASE LOCATION 1
The history process of land-use changes by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Black) and digital advocacy started by

local grassroots community (Red)

Proposal of Field ground check Enactment of

functional change and Enactment of Ministry Decree 732
and environmental of 2021 to evaluate
Establishment of services permit on Guntur-Papandayan
integrated team geothermal project CFMU
2012 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

Evaluation Enactment of Establishment of

research of MoEF Decree 25 evaluation team
Kamojang of 2018 on Decree 25
Nature Reserve Rejection of the Live streaming
Digital campaign Decree, through FGD in social
to save Nature online and offline media
Reserve campaign.
 RESULTS CASE LOCATION 1

Govern
ment
science
Re-evaluation
Academic
science Science Policy and Revision
Citizen of Decree 25
science

Research Integration Utilization

Mixed Research Focus Group Discussion Policy Change

DIGITAL ADVOCACY

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 RESULTS CASE LOCATION 1

DIGITAL ADVOCACY

248 posts and 28 FGD videos in

Instagram Online petition Official websites Sadarkawasan.org

Digital access Digital protests Digital information

 RESULTS: CASE SELECTION 2
Merging of scientific and existing information in developing renewable energy utilization in indigenous
village

Technical Water
knowledge Research sources,
on micro Scientific information Indigenous information forest and
hydro land-use
(turbine management
and pipe
installation) CVH,
Villagers
NGO, Integration
Academic, Focus Group Workshop / Training Field trip by researcher
Discussion (informal) (formal) or college student
researchers

Utilization of micro hydro and solar power

Pratiwi, Santi; Juerges, Nataly (2022a): Addressing energy injustice in rural landscapes: Community leadership, indigenous villages, and micro-hydro diffusion in Indonesia. In 14
Energy Research & Social Science 85, p. 102395. DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2021.102395.
 RESULTS: CASE SELECTION 2

Actors/power resources (DIS)- Dominant

Role
Coercion Type
Incentives information
Forest conservation, community
Wise ally
Halimun Salak National Park (HSNP) + + + empowerment

Ministry of Energy and Mineral National Energy planning and

+ + + External ally budgeting
Resources (MoEMR)
Local energy planning and budgeting
Local government (LG) - + + External ally

Indonesian Research Institute (IRI) - - + Wise ally Conduct research

Academics - - + Wise ally Research and teaching

Corporate social responsibility

Geothermal company (GC) + + + Learning ally
Corporate social responsibility
Industrial company (IC) - + - External ally
Community empowerment,
Non-governmental organization (NGO) - + + Wise ally Networking

Internal ally Developing micro hydro and solar

Ciptagelar village head (CVH) + - +

Pratiwi, Santi; Juerges, Nataly (2022a): Addressing energy injustice in rural landscapes: Community leadership, indigenous villages, and micro-hydro diffusion in Indonesia. In 15
Energy Research & Social Science 85, p. 102395. DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2021.102395.
 RESULTS: CASE SELECTION 2

Social Network Analysis of actor’s power using Kumu Web-based application

Rank Label Value

#1 HSNP 0.094
Political actor
#2 CVH 0.094

#3 GC 0.073

#4 NGO 0.068

#5 IC 0.029

#6 MoEMR 0.025

#7 Academic 0.022
Researcher
#8 IRI 0.018

#9 Local Gov 0.004

Betweeness Centrality

Pratiwi, Santi; Juerges, Nataly (2022a): Addressing energy injustice in rural landscapes: Community leadership, indigenous villages, and micro-hydro diffusion in Indonesia. In 16
Energy Research & Social Science 85, p. 102395. DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2021.102395.
 DISCUSSION

H1: If scientific information is merged with existing information then science-based solutions are
applicable in practice.

Case Location 1 Case Location 2

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 DISCUSSION
H2: If actors use digital advocacy for bridging science and policy then the outreach of scientific
information to get in policies or in society increases.

Before DIGITAL ADVOCACY After

Outdated evaluation Assess current condition

research. through ground check.

Low methodology in data Robust methodology in data

collection and analysis. collection and analysis.

Lack of participation from High participation of various

local community. actors.

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 DISCUSSION
H3: If researchers create alliances with powerful actors then a higher degree of science-based solutions is
achieved in the integration and utilization.

Actor Power and Network Analysis

• In addition to power, social networks among actors

influence the flow of power resources and scientific
knowledge.
• Through networking, the less powerful actor were
able to find allies with more power resources and get
support from other powerful actors.

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 STRATEGIC OPTIONS
Ministry of Environment and Forestry

The MoEF National Energy

Board

DG of Nature Resource and • Conducting comprehensive and

Ecosystem Conservation
robust research especially
environmental impact assessment.

Directorate of Utilization on Environmental Collaborative • Synergizing forest policy with other

Services in Conservation Forests Task Force
relevant actors.

• Ensuring scientific knowledge transfer

Sub.Dir. Geothermal and to increase public awareness and
Sub.Dir. Water Utilization
Carbon Utilization participation in research and
policymaking process
Local Management Unit Other Relevant
(BKSDA & TN) Actors
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 PUBLICATIONS

• Pratiwi, Santi; Juerges, Nataly (2020): Review of the impact of renewable energy development on the environment and

nature conservation in Southeast Asia. In Energ. Ecol. Environ. 5 (4), pp. 221–239. DOI: 10.1007/s40974-020-00166-2.

• Pratiwi, Santi; Juerges, Nataly (2022): Addressing energy injustice in rural landscapes: Community leadership, indigenous

villages, and micro-hydro diffusion in Indonesia. In Energy Research & Social Science 85, p. 102395. DOI:

10.1016/j.erss.2021.102395.

• Pratiwi, Santi; Juerges, Nataly (2022). Advocacy coalitions and knowledge transfer within policy change – lessons from a

geothermal power project in Indonesian Conservation Forest. In The Journal of Environment and Development. SAGE. DOI:

10.1177/10704965211070244.

• Pratiwi, Santi; Juerges, Nataly. Digital advocacy at the science-policy interface: Resolving land-use conflicts in conservation

forests. Under review in Land Use Policy Journal. Elsevier.

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