Fea With Matlab (12) - A

Finite element dynamic analysis
using MATLAB
Also for CEP
Truss, Beam and Frame Elements

Dr. Asif Khan
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering GIK Institute Topi
1/78
Contents
1. Introduction to Finite Element Method

2. Static and Modal Analysis of Structure
2.1 Truss element
2.2 Beam element
2.3 Frame element
3. Summary
2/86
Example: Simple Spring (Static Analysis)
k1  1000 N / m
P=100N
1 2 3
k 2  2000 N / m
f11 f 21 f 22 f 32
F1 2 2 2
FBD
F3
1 1 3 3
F2
Step 1: element equations
1 2
 k1  k1   u1   f 1   k 2  u2   f 22 
1
 k2
 k k  u    f 1   k   
k 2  u3   f 32 
 1 1  2   2   2
Step 2: assemble global stiffness matrix
1  k1  k1 0  u1   f 1 
1 2 0 0 0  u1   0 
 u    f 1  0 k    
 k
 1 k1 0  2   2   2  k 2  u2    f 22 
 0 0 0 u3   0  0  k 2 k 2  u3   f 32 
3/86
1 + 2  k1  k1 0  u1   f 11   F1 
 k k  k       K u  F 
 1 1 2  k 2  u2    f 21  f 22    F2 
 0  k2 k 2  u3   f 32   F3  where
K : global stiffness matrix
Step 3: apply boundary conditions => u1=0 u : global displacement vector
F  : global force vector
 k1  k1 0   0   F1 
 k k  k    
 1 1 2  k 2  u2    0  k1  k 2  k 2  u2   0 
 k   
 0  k2 k 2  u3   P   2 k 2  u3   P 
Step 4: solve
1 1
u2  k1  k 2  k 2   0  1000  2000  2000  0  0.10
      
u3    k 2 k 2   P    2000 2000  100 0.15
Step 5: post process

F1  k1u1  k1u 2  1000(0)  1000(0.1)  100
All finite element methods go through the above process 4/86

Equation of motion of structure
Dynamics of a single element: the work of external forces is absorbed by the work of
internal, inertial and viscous forces for any small kinematically admissible motion
work done
work done work done by concentrated force  work done work done work done 
by body force by surface traction      
              n  byinternal
   force by inertial force by viscous force 
         
 
Ve
 u F dV    u Fs  dS 
T
Se
T
 u  p 
i 1
T
i i

T T T
       u  u   u kd u  dV
Ve  
 
 
Displacement-nodal dof relation: u  N de , u    N d e , u  N de 
 N d e    B d e 
Strain-displacement relation:    S u  S 
Stress-strain relation:    C    C  d e 

 B 
u : displacement field vector

de  : nodal degree of freedom vector
 N  : shape function matrix
S  : differential operator matrix
C  : stiffness matrix
5/86
Substitute all relation into the dynamic equation of element
 n 
T
 de 
 
Ve
T
B dV de  
B  C 

Ve
T
  V
  N   N dV de 
T
  
kd  N   N dV de 
Ve
T

T
 N  F dV  N  Fs  dS 
Se
  pi   0

 e
i 1 
Equation of motion of element
   
 M e  de  Ce  d e   Ke  de    fext 
Element mass and stiffness matrices

T

 M e     N   N dV
T
e 
 K   B  C 
B dV
Assemble each elemental system matrix for global system matrix

 
M  d  C  d  K d   F 
Static Analysis : no mass, no damping

 K d   F  6/86
Structural Vibration
Vibration: Mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point. The
oscillations may be periodic such as the motion of a pendulum or mass-
spring system
7/86
Free vibration: simple harmonic motion
Free body diagram of static equilibrium: fig. (b)
k static  W
Newton’s second law: fig. (d)

F y
 my k static  ky  W  my
Equation of motion
my  ky  0 y  n2 y  0
k
where n2  : circular natural frequency(rad/sec)
m
General solution: y (t )  c1 sin nt  c2 cos nt
Initial conditions: y (0)  y0 , y (0)  0
y (t )  y0 cos nt
period (T ): time for one cycle (sec)

frequency (f ): number of cycle per second ( Hz  cycle / sec)
1
f 
T
 rad   rad   cycle  8/86
  2 f      2  f 
 sec   cycle   sec 
Multiple Degrees of Freedom
Equations of motion: coupled system
m1x1  2kx1  kx2  0
m2 x2  kx1  2kx2  0
Matrix form of equations of motion

 m1 0   x1   2k k   x1  0
           
 0 m2   x2    k 2k   x2  0
M x  K x  0

M  : mass matrix, K  : stiffness matrix
How to solve?
2k k
x1  x1  x2  0
From EOM: m1 m1 or in matrix form x  M 1 K x  0
k 2k
x2  x1  x2  0
m2 m2
x1 (t )  X1 sin(t   ) X 
Assume solution: or in matrix form x   X  sin(t   )  Xsin(t   )
1
x2 (t )  X 2 sin(t   )  2
9/86
Substitute assumed solution into EOM:
2k k
 2 X1 sin(t   )  X1 sin(t   )  X 2 sin(t   )  0
m1 m1
k 2k
 2 X 2 sin(t   )  X 1 sin(t   )  X 2 sin(t   )  0
m2 m2
 2k k 
 
2  X1   m1 m1   X1  0 
      
 X 2   k 2 k   X 2  0 
 
 m2 m2 
1
or  2 x  M  K x  0 or  2 M x  K x  0
Eigenvalue problem: Generalized eigenvalue problem:

 
A x   x  A    I  x  0 A x   B x
1
A   M  K ,    2 A   K , B   M ,    2
How to solve eigenvalue problem?

Eigenvalue (natural frequency): 1  12 , 2  22
 
det A    I   0  Characteristic equation
Eigenvector (mode shape): X1,X 2 
General solution: x  c1 X1sin(1t  1)  c2 X2 sin(2t  2 )

10/86
c1, c2 ,1,2 are determined by initial conditions
Modal analysis
Modal analysis: find natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes of structure
Undamped free vibration system: 

M  d  K d   0
Assumed solution form: d (t )  eit where  : mode shape (eigenvector)

 : natural frequency (eigenvalue)
General solution of the given system is a linear combination of each mode
d (t )  c1 1ei1t  c2 2ei2t    cn n eint where c1 ,c2 ,...,cn are determined by initial conditions
Substitute assumed solution into equation of motion:  M   K e 
2 i t
0
For nontrivial solution,  2


M    K  must be singular
 2 M   K    M   K   0 : Eigenvalue problem
11/86
2. Truss Element
12/86
1D truss element
1D truss (bar element): only axial displacement exist, no moment
y
L
u1 u2
x
① ②
u  L x x
Displacement-nodal dof relation: u   N d    N u1  where  N   
 2  L L 
du  d  d
Strain-displacement relation: x        u     N d   B d 
dx  dx   dx 
 1 1 
  B   
 L L 
Stress-strain relation:  x  E x     C    E  B d 
13/86
1D truss element
Element mass and stiffness matrices
L x
L
T L
L   L  x x   AL  2 1 
  
T
 M e     N   N  dV   N   N   Adx   A   dx   
0 0  x  L L  6 1 2 
 L 
T L EA L  1 EA  1 1
  
T
 K e    B  C  B
   dV   B 
   E  B  Adx    1 1
 Adx   
0 L2 0  1  L  1 1 
14/86
Plane truss element
V2
Nodal degree of freedom for element coordinate
v2 u2
de   u1 v1 u2 v2 T
Nodal degree of freedom for global coordinate U2
②
d   U1 V1 U 2 V2T V1
Coordinate transformation u1
v1
 u1   cos sin  0 0  U1  U1
    
 v1    sin  cos 0 0   V1 
①
     T d  de   T d 
u2   0 0 cos  sin   U 2   
 1 1

 v2  cos   
 V2   2  B d e )T B d e dV
 sin  T
  0 0  Ref) U   dV  (C 
2
1 1
Strain energy of truss  de T 
T T T
B  C  B dV d e   d e   K e  d e 
1 0 1 0 2 2
 0 
EA  0 0 0 1 1 1
 K e  
L  1 0 1 0
U de T  K e  de   d T T T  Ke  T d   dT  Ke  d
2 2 2
  T
 0 0 0 0    K e   T   K e  T   element stiffness matrix for global coordinate
2

0 1 0

Similarly obtained from kinetic energy of truss
 AL  0 2 0 1
 M e   6  1 0 2 0
due to inertia for y-dir.  M e   T T  M e  T   element mass matrix
 
  for global coordinate
 0 1 0 2 
15/86
Finite element code of plane truss using
MATLAB
Input data:truss_in.m
Materials, node and element definition
1. Input data Boundary conditions, loads
 Node data
 Element data Solve:truss_sol.m
 Area
 Material data Evaluate results:truss_out.m
 Boundary conditions
 External load no
Is this satisfy
2. Output data design requirement?
 Static Analysis
yes
 Nodal displacement
Present results
 Element stress
 Modal Analysis Flow chart of 2D-truss problem
 Natural frequency
16/86
 Mode shape
Truss ex1
Find natural frequency and mode shape of the given truss structure
Aluminum: E=70GPa, A=0.002m2, rho=2700Kg/m3
2 3
(2)
1m (1)
(3) 4
1
1m
1 MN
17/86
0. Truss main program : truss.m %--------------------------------------------------------------
% < Solution Procedure >
% %--------------------------------------------------------------
% Truss program truss_sol
%
clear all; close all; %--------------------------------------------------------------
% < Postprocess >
%-------------------------------------------------------------- %--------------------------------------------------------------
% < Input Truss information > if Atype==1
%-------------------------------------------------------------- truss_out_static
truss_ex1 elseif Atype==2
%truss_ex2 truss_out_modal %truss_ex1, 2
%truss_ex3 %truss_out1 %truss_ex3, 4, 5
%truss_ex4 %truss_movie
%truss_ex5 end
%--------------------------------------------------------------
% < Choose Static or Modal Analysis >
%--------------------------------------------------------------
fprintf('\n\n* < Press 1 or 2 to choose analysis type >')
fprintf('\n => Static Analysis = 1') See truss/truss.m
fprintf('\n Modal Analysis = 2\n')
Atype=input(' Analysis type ? ');
18/86
%
1. Input Data : truss_ex1.m % Area of the cross-section 2 3
% %
% INPUT FOR 2D-PLANE TRUSS PROBLEM A=0.002;
% SI unit %
% Information of truss element % Young's Modulus
(2)
% %
1m (1)
ndof=2; % degree of freedom for each node E=70E9;
npe=2; % node per element %
nmode=2; % number of mode extracted % mass density
% Node data % 4
(3)
% NODE=[#1 #2 #3] rho=2700; 1
% #1: node number %
% #2: x-coordinate % Input boundary conditions 1m
% #3: y-coordinate % BC=[#1 #2 #3] 1 MN
NODE=[ % #1: node number
10 0 % #2: x-constraint (0:free, 1:fixed)
20 1 % #3: y-constraint (0:free, 1:fixed) Example 1
31 1 BC=zeros(nnode,3);
4 1 0]; for i=1:nnode, BC(i,1)=i;, end
nnode=length(NODE); % total number of node %
% BC(2,2)=1; BC(2,3)=1;
% Element data BC(3,2)=1; BC(3,3)=1;
% ELEM=[#1 #2 #3] BC(4,2)=1; BC(4,3)=1;
% #1: element number %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% See
% #2: node number 1 % External loads
% #3: node number 2 % F=[#1 #2 #3]
truss/truss_ex1.m
% % #1: node number
ELEM=[ % #2: x-directional load
112 % #3: y-directional load
213 F=zeros(nnode,3);
3 1 4]; for i=1:nnode, F(i,1)=i;, end
nelem=length(ELEM); % total number of elements F(1,3)=-1E6; 19/86
1. Input Data : truss_ex1.m 2 3
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Plot truss structure
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
figure(1) (2)
plot(NODE(:,2),NODE(:,3),'ro'), hold on 1m (1)
text(NODE(:,2)+0.02*max(NODE(:,2)),NODE(:,3),int2str(NODE(:,1)));
for i=1:nelem
x1=NODE(ELEM(i,2),2); 4
y1=NODE(ELEM(i,2),3); (3)
1
x2=NODE(ELEM(i,3),2);
y2=NODE(ELEM(i,3),3); 1m
1 MN
X=[x1,x2]; Y = [y1,y2];
original shape of the structure
figure(1) 1 2 3
plot(X,Y)
0.9
text((x1+x2)/2,(y1+y2)/2,int2str(ELEM(i,1)));
end 0.8
title('original shape of the structure'), axis equal 0.7
hold off
0.6
0.5 1 2
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 1 3 4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
20/86
2. Solve : truss_sol.m %
% Apply boundary conditions
% %
% Construct system matrix and solve 2D-plane truss problem lambda=1e6*GK(1,1);
% Global mass and stiffness matrices for i=1:nnode, for j=1:ndof
% if BC(i,j+1)==1
GK=zeros(ndof*nnode,ndof*nnode); ii=ndof*(i-1)+j;
GM=zeros(ndof*nnode,ndof*nnode); GK(:,ndof*(i-1)+j)=0; GK(ndof*(i-1)+j,:)=0;
GF=zeros(ndof*nnode,1); GK(ii,ii)=lambda;
for l=1:nelem GM(:,ndof*(i-1)+j)=0; GM(ndof*(i-1)+j,:)=0;
% GM(ii,ii)=1;
% Element stiffness matrix end, end,end
% if Atype==1
dx=NODE(ELEM(l,3),2)-NODE(ELEM(l,2),2); %
dy=NODE(ELEM(l,3),3)-NODE(ELEM(l,2),3); % Solve static truss problem
L=sqrt(dx^2+dy^2); % element length %
Ca=dx/L; Sa=dy/L; % cos & sin (alpha) GU=inv(GK)*GF;
elseif Atype==2
T=[Ca Sa 0 0;-Sa Ca 0 0;0 0 Ca Sa;0 0 -Sa Ca]; % transform matrix %
SKE1=E*A/L*[1 0 -1 0;0 0 0 0;-1 0 1 0;0 0 0 0]; % element stiffness matrix % Solve eigenvalue problem
SME1=rho*A*L/6*[2 0 1 0;0 2 0 1;1 0 2 0;0 1 0 2]; %
SKE=T'*SKE1*T; % element stiffness matrix [eig_vec1,eig_val1]=eig(GK,GM);
SME=T'*SME1*T; % element mass matrix %
% Sort Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues
% Assemble global stiffness matrix %
for i=1:npe [eig_val2,index]=sort(diag(eig_val1));
for j=1:npe eig_vec2=eig_vec1(:,index);
ii=ndof*ELEM(l,i+1)-ndof+1; jj=ndof*ELEM(l,j+1)-ndof+1;
GK(ii:ii+ndof-1,jj:jj+ndof-1)=GK(ii:ii+ndof-1,jj:jj+ndof-1) ... % extract required modes
+SKE(ndof*i-ndof+1:ndof*i,ndof*j-ndof+1:ndof*j); eigval=eig_val2(1:nmode,1);
eigvec=eig_vec2(:,1:nmode);
GM(ii:ii+ndof-1,jj:jj+ndof-1)=GM(ii:ii+ndof-1,jj:jj+ndof-1) ... % natural frequency
+SME(ndof*i-ndof+1:ndof*i,ndof*j-ndof+1:ndof*j); omega=sqrt(eigval)/2/pi %Hz
end end
GF(ndof*(i-1)+j,1)=F(i,j+1);
end, end 21/86
3. Post process (static) : truss_out_static.m
% Displacement: U[#1,#2,#3]
% #1: node number
% #2: x-directional displacement deformed and undeformed shape
% #3: y-directional displacement undeformed shape

0.9
for i=1:nnode deformed shape
0.8
U(i,1)=i;
for j=1:ndof 0.7
U(i,j+1)=GU(ndof*(i-1)+j); 0.6
end, end 0.5 1 2
% 0.4
% Plot deformed shape 0.3
%
0.2
figure(2)
0.1
mag=20;
for i=1:nelem 0 3
x1=NODE(ELEM(i,2),2); -0.1
-0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
y1=NODE(ELEM(i,2),3);
X=[x1,x2]; Y = [y1,y2]; Deformed and undeformed shape
dx1=NODE(ELEM(i,2),2)+mag*U(ELEM(i,2),2);
dy1=NODE(ELEM(i,2),3)+mag*U(ELEM(i,2),3);
dX=[dx1,dx2]; dY = [dy1,dy2];
figure(2)
plot(X,Y,'-b',dX,dY,'-r'),hold on
legend('undeformed shape','deformed shape')
text((x1+x2)/2,(y1+y2)/2,int2str(ELEM(i,1)));
end 22/86
title('deformed and undeformed shape'), axis equal, hold off
stress at each truss
% 400
% Computation of axial stress
% Axial stress: sigma[#1,#2] 300
% #1: node number
% #2: axial stress
200
%
stress (MPa)
for l=1:nelem
100
sigma(l,1)=l;
%
% Element stiffness matrix 0
%
dx=NODE(ELEM(l,3),2)-NODE(ELEM(l,2),2); -100
dy=NODE(ELEM(l,3),3)-NODE(ELEM(l,2),3);
L=sqrt(dx^2+dy^2); % element length -200
1 2 3
Ca=dx/L; Sa=dy/L; % cos & sin (alpha) element number
T1=[-Ca -Sa Ca Sa]; % transform matrix
for i=1:2*ndof
DU(1,1)=U(ELEM(l,2),2); Stresses of each element
DU(2,1)=U(ELEM(l,2),3);
DU(3,1)=U(ELEM(l,3),2);
DU(4,1)=U(ELEM(l,3),3); >> load disp.dat
end >> disp
sigma(l,2)=E/L*T1*DU/1e6; % element stiffness matrix disp =
end 1.0000 0.0015 -0.0057
figure(3) 2.0000 0 0
bar(sigma(:,2)) 3.0000 0 0
xlabel('element number') 4.0000 0 0
ylabel('stress (MPa)') >> load sigma.dat
title('stress at each truss') >> sigma
sigma =
save disp.dat U -ascii 1.0000 396.4466
save sigma.dat sigma -ascii 2.0000 146.4466
3.0000 -103.5534
23/86
4. Post process (modal) : truss_out_modal.m 1
1
% Displacement: U[#1,#2,#3] undeformed shape
% #1: node number deformed shape
% #2: x-directional displacement

% #3: y-directional displacement 0.5
for mm=1:nmode
GU(:,1)=eigvec(:,mm);
for i=1:nnode
U(i,1)=i; 0
for j=1:ndof
U(i,j+1)=GU(ndof*(i-1)+j);
end -0.5
end -0.5 0 0.5 1
% Plot deformed shape

mag=1; % magnification factor mode1
for i=1:nelem 2
x1=NODE(ELEM(i,2),2); y1=NODE(ELEM(i,2),3); 1
undeformed shape
x2=NODE(ELEM(i,3),2); y2=NODE(ELEM(i,3),3); deformed shape
X=[x1,x2]; Y = [y1,y2];
0.5
dy2=NODE(ELEM(i,3),3)+mag*U(ELEM(i,3),3); 0
figure(mm+1)
plot(X,Y,'-b',dX,dY,'-r'),hold on -0.5
-0.5 0 0.5 1
end
title(mm); % mode number
legend('undeformed shape','deformed shape') mode2
hold off 24/86
end
5. Post process : truss_movie.m
% Free response of each mode shape
mm=1; % mode number
for i=1:nnode
U(i,1)=i;
for j=1:ndof, U(i,j+1)=GU(ndof*(i-1)+j); end
end
for kk=1:100
for i=1:nelem
x1=NODE(ELEM(i,2),2); y1=NODE(ELEM(i,2),3);
X=[x1,x2]; Y = [y1,y2];
mode1
mag=sin(pi/12*(kk-1));
figure(mm+1)
plot(X,Y,'-b',dX,dY,'-r'),hold on
end
title('modal vibration')
hold off
axis([0 13 -1 4])
F1(kk)=getframe;
end
movie(F1) mode2
%movie2avi(F1,'temp.avi') 25/86
Truss ex1
Provide ANSYS solution Using workbench ( )
2 3
(2)
1m (1)
(3) 4
1
1m
1 MN
26/86
Truss ex2
Find natural frequency and mode shape of the given truss structure
Aluminum: E=70GPa, A=0.002m2, rho=2700Kg/m3, P=1MN
L=1m
27/86
%
1. Input Data : truss_ex2.m % Area of the cross-section
% %
% INPUT FOR 2D-PLANE TRUSS PROBLEM A=0.002;
% SI unit %
% Information of truss element % Young's Modulus
% %
ndof=2; % degree of freedom for each node E=70E9; L=1m
npe=2; % node per element %
% Node data %
% NODE=[#1 #2 #3] rho=2700;
% #1: node number %
% #2: x-coordinate % Input boundary conditions
% #3: y-coordinate % BC=[#1 #2 #3]
10 0 % #2: x-constraint (0:free, 1:fixed)
21 0 % #3: y-constraint (0:free, 1:fixed)
3 0.5 0.866]; BC=zeros(nnode,3);
nnode=length(NODE); % total number of node for i=1:nnode, BC(i,1)=i;, end
% %
% Element data BC(1,2)=1;
% ELEM=[#1 #2 #3] BC(2,3)=1;
% #1: element number BC(3,2)=1; BC(3,3)=1;
% #2: node number 1 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% #3: node number 2 % External loads
% % F=[#1 #2 #3]
ELEM=[ % #1: node number
112 % #2: x-directional load
213 % #3: y-directional load
3 2 3]; F=zeros(nnode,3);
nelem=length(ELEM); % total number of elements for i=1:nnode, F(i,1)=i;, end
F(2,2)=1E6; 28/86
Truss ex2 (Static Analysis)
deformed and undeformed shape stress at each truss
400
undeformed shape
0.8
deformed shape
350
0.7
300
0.6
250
0.5
stress (MPa)
2 3 200
0.4
150
0.3
100
0.2
0.1 50
0 1 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1 2 3
element number
Deformed and undeformed shape Stresses of each element

>> disp >> sigmasigma = 1.0000 399.9947
disp = 1.0000 0 0 2.0000 0
2.0000 0.0057 0 3.0000 200.0062
3.0000 0 0
29/86
Truss ex2 (Modal Analysis)
1 2
0.9 0.9
undeformed shape undeformed shape
0.8 deformed shape 0.8 deformed shape
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
mode1 mode2
30/86
Exercise: Truss ex3
Find first six natural frequencies and mode shapes of the given truss structure
100kN 200kN
1m 1m
1m
31/86
Truss ex3 (Static analysis)
1.2 250
undeformed shape
deformed shape 200
1 3 6
150
0.8
100
0.6
50
stress (MPa)
2 4 5
0.4 0
-50
0.2
-100
0 1
-150
-0.2
-200
-0.4 -250
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 1 2 3 4 5 6
element number

>> dispdisp = 1.0000e+000 0 0 >> sigmasigma = 1.0000e+000 -2.5000e+002
2.0000e+000 -3.5714e-003 -9.6323e-003 2.0000e+000 2.1213e+002
3.0000e+000 0 0 3.0000e+000 1.0000e+002
4.0000e+000 1.4286e-003 -1.0347e-002 4.0000e+000 -5.0000e+001
5.0000e+000 2.8571e-003 -2.0102e-002 5.0000e+000 -1.4142e+002
6.0000e+000 1.0000e+002
32/86
Truss ex3 (Modal analysis)
Mode shapes
1.2
1 2
1 3 3 4 6 5 1.5 1.5
1 1
0.8
0.5 0.5
0.6 0 0
2 4 5
-0.5 -0.5
0.4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
3 4
0.2
1.5 1.5
1 1
0 1 1 2
0.5 0.5
-0.2 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 -0.5 -0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
5 6
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
33/86
Exercise: Truss ex4
2m
2m 2m
500kN
34/86
150
undeformed shape
2 deformed shape
7 100
1.5
50
1
stress (MPa)
3 4 5 6
0
0.5
-50
0 1 2
-100
-0.5
-150
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
element number

>> load disp.dat >> load sigma.dat
2.0000e+000 2.0620e-003 -1.3095e-002 1.0000e+000 7.2171e+001
3.0000e+000 4.1241e-003 0 2.0000e+000 7.2171e+001
4.0000e+000 4.1241e-003 -7.1430e-003 3.0000e+000 -1.4434e+002
5.0000e+000 -1.3959e-018 -7.1430e-003 4.0000e+000 1.4434e+002
5.0000e+000 1.4434e+002
>> disp 6.0000e+000 -1.4434e+002
disp = 7.0000e+000 -1.4434e+002
1.0000e+000 0 0 >> sigma
sigma =
35/86
Truss ex4 (Modal analysis)
Mode shapes
2
4 7 5
1 2
1.5 3 3
2 2
1
3 4 5 6 1 1
0 0
0.5
-1 -1
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4
3 3
-0.5 2 2
1 1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
0 0
-1 -1
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 6
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
-1 -1
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
36/86
Exercise: Truss ex5
Steel: E=200GPa, A=0.0025m2, rho=7850Kg/m3
100kN 300kN
37/86
6 150
undeformed shape
5 deformed shape
100
4
50
3 6
stress (MPa)
2 0
2 3 5 7 9
1
-50
0 1 4 8
-100
-1
-2 -150
-3
-200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
element number

>> load sigma.dat
>> load disp.dat >> sigma
>> disp sigma =
disp = 1.0000e+000 8.8889e+001
1.0000e+000 0 0 2.0000e+000 -1.1111e+002
2.0000e+000 1.7778e-003 -1.1069e-002 3.0000e+000 4.0000e+001
3.0000e+000 4.3796e-003 -1.0469e-002 4.0000e+000 8.8889e+001
4.0000e+000 3.5556e-003 -1.3420e-002 5.0000e+000 4.4444e+001
5.0000e+000 1.8907e-003 -1.2020e-002 6.0000e+000 -1.2444e+002
6.0000e+000 6.0444e-003 0 7.0000e+000 9.3333e+001
8.0000e+000 1.2444e+002
9.0000e+000 -1.5556e+002 38/86
Truss ex5
6
Mode shapes
5
4 1 2
4 4
3 3 6 5
2
2 2
2 3 5 7 9
1 0 0
0 1 1 2 4 4 8 6 -2 -2
0 5 10 0 5 10
-1 3 4
4 4
-2
2 2
-3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 0
-2 -2
0 5 10 0 5 10
5 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
-2 -2
0 5 10 0 5 10
39/86
3. Beam Element
40/86
Beam element
Nodal degree of freedom: deflection(v), rotation() y
v(x) 2
T
d   v1 1 v2  2 
1
v1 v2
Hermite shape function:
v  c1  c2 x  c3 x 2  c4 x 3 x
① ②
Boundary conditions: at node 1 (x  0) at node 2 (x  Le )
v(0)  c1  v1 v( Le )  c1  c2 Le  c3 L2e  c4 L3e  v1  1Le  c3 L2e  c4 L3e  v2
dv(0) dv ( Le )
 c2  1  1  2c3 Le  3c4 L2e   2
dx dx
3 (  21 ) 2 1
c3   2 (v1  v2 )  2 , c4  2 (v1  v2 )  2 (1   2 )
Le Le Le Le
3x 2 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 x3 3x 2 2 x 3  x2 x3
Shape function: v( x)  (1   ) v1  Le (   )1  (  ) v 2  Le (  3 ) 2
L2e L3e Le L2e L3e L2e L3e L2e Le
v  N1v1  N 21  N 3v2  N 4 2
3x 2 2 x3 x 2x2 x3 3x 2 2 x 3  x 2 x3
N1  (1   ), N 2  Le (   ), N 3  (  ), N 4  Le (  3)
L2e L3e Le L2e L3e L2e L3e L2e Le
41/86
Beam element
Element mass matrix

 156 22 Le 54 13Le 
 
L  ALe  22 Le 4 L2e 13Le 3L2e 

T
 M e    N   N   Adx  M e  
0 420  54 13Le 156 22 Le 

 13L 3L2e 22 Le 2 
4 Le 
 e
Element stiffness matrix

L  12 6 Le 12 6 Le 

T
 K e    B  EI B dx  2 
0 EI  6 Le 4 Le 6 Le 2 L2e 
 K e   3 
B    N1'' N 2'' N3'' N 4''  Le  12 6 Le 12 6 Le 
  
6L 2 2 
EI : bending rigidity  e 2 Le 6 Le 4 Le 
42/86
Finite element code of beam using MATLAB
1. Input data Input data:beam_in.m
Materials, node and element definition
 Node data Boundary conditions, loads
 Element data
 Area, Solve:beam_sol.m
 Second moment of area (Izz)
 Material data Evaluate results:beam_out.m
 External load Is this satisfy no
 Static Analysis
yes
Present results
 Modal Analysis
 Natural frequency Flow chart of beam problem
 Mode shape
43/86
beam ex1
Find static deflection, first three natural frequencies and mode shapes of the given
cantilevered beam.
Steel: E=100GPa, rho=1000 Kg/m3
500N
Cross section
20cm
1m
20cm
A  0.02  0.02  4e  4m 2
bh3 0.02(0.02)3
I zz    1.3333e  8m 4
12 12
44/86
0. Beam main program : beam.m %--------------------------------------------------------------
% %--------------------------------------------------------------
% Beam program beam_sol
% SI unit
% %--------------------------------------------------------------
clear all; close all; % < Postprocess >
%--------------------------------------------------------------
%-------------------------------------------------------------- if Atype==1
% < Input Beam information > beam_out_static
%-------------------------------------------------------------- elseif Atype==2
beam_ex1 beam_out_modal
%beam_ex2 %beam_movie
end
%--------------------------------------------------------------
%--------------------------------------------------------------
fprintf('\n => Static Analysis = 1')
Atype=input(' Analysis type ? '); See beam/beam.m
45/86
%
1. Input Data : beam_ex1.m % Area of the cross-section
% % 500N
% INPUT FOR 2D-PLANE TRUSS PROBLEM A=4e-4;
% SI unit Izz=1.3333e-8;
% Information of truss element %
% % Young's Modulus 1m
ndof=2; % degree of freedom for each node %
npe=2; % node per element E=100E9;%
nmode=3; % number of mode extracted % mass density 20cm
% Node data %
% NODE=[#1 #2 #3] rho=1000;
% #1: node number 20cm
%
% #3: y-coordinate % BC=[#1 #2 #3]
nelem=3; % number of element
% #1: node number
nnode=nelem+1; % total number of node % #2: x-constraint (0:free, 1:fixed) 0.3
BEAML=1; % length of beam % #3: z-rotation (0:free, 1:fixed) 0.2

NODE=zeros(nnode,3); BC=zeros(nnode,3); 0.1
for i=1:nnode for i=1:nnode, BC(i,1)=i;, end
NODE(i,1)=i; BC(1,2)=1; BC(1,3)=1;
0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4
NODE(i,2)=BEAML/nelem*(i-1); %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -0.1
end % External loads -0.2
% % F=[#1 #2 #3] -0.3

% Element data % #1: node number
% ELEM=[#1 #2 #3] % #2: y-directional load, shear load 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
% #1: element number % #3: z-rotation, moment

% #2: node number 1 %
% #3: node number 2 F=zeros(nnode,3);
% for i=1:nnode, F(i,1)=i;, end
for i=1:nelem %
ELEM(i,1)=i; ELEM(i,2)=i; ELEM(i,3)=i+1; F(nnode,2)=-500;
end 46/86
2. Solve : beam_sol.m
%
% Construct system matrix and solve beam problem
% Global mass and stiffness matrices
%
GK=zeros(ndof*nnode,ndof*nnode);
GM=zeros(ndof*nnode,ndof*nnode);
GF=zeros(ndof*nnode,1);
for l=1:nelem
L=NODE(ELEM(l,3),2)-NODE(ELEM(l,2),2); % element length
% element stiffness matrix
SKE=zeros(4,4);
SKE(1,1)=12*E*Izz/L^3; SKE(1,2)=6*E*Izz/L^2; SKE(1,3)=-12*E*Izz/L^3; SKE(1,4)=6*E*Izz/L^2;
SKE(2,1)=6*E*Izz/L^2; SKE(2,2)=4*E*Izz/L; SKE(2,3)=-6*E*Izz/L^2; SKE(2,4)=2*E*Izz/L;
SKE(3,1)=-12*E*Izz/L^3; SKE(3,2)=-6*E*Izz/L^2; SKE(3,3)=12*E*Izz/L^3; SKE(3,4)=-6*E*Izz/L^2;
SKE(4,1)=6*E*Izz/L^2; SKE(4,2)=2*E*Izz/L; SKE(4,3)=-6*E*Izz/L^2; SKE(4,4)=4*E*Izz/L;
% element mass matrix

SME=zeros(4,4);
SME(1,1)=rho*A*L/420*156; SME(1,2)=rho*A*L/420*22*L; SME(1,3)=rho*A*L/420*54; SME(1,4)=-rho*A*L/420*13*L;
SME(2,1)=rho*A*L/420*22*L; SME(2,2)=rho*A*L/420*4*L^2; SME(2,3)=rho*A*L/420*13*L; SME(2,4)=-rho*A*L/420*3*L^2;
SME(3,1)=rho*A*L/420*54; SME(3,2)=rho*A*L/420*13*L; SME(3,3)=rho*A*L/420*156; SME(3,4)=-rho*A*L/420*22*L;
SME(4,1)=-rho*A*L/420*13*L; SME(4,2)=-rho*A*L/420*3*L^2; SME(4,3)=-rho*A*L/420*22*L; SME(4,4)=rho*A*L/420*4*L^2;
% Assembe global stiffness matrix

for i=1:npe
for j=1:npe
GK(ii:ii+ndof-1,jj:jj+ndof-1)=GK(ii:ii+ndof-1,jj:jj+ndof-1) ...
+SKE(ndof*i-ndof+1:ndof*i,ndof*j-ndof+1:ndof*j);
GM(ii:ii+ndof-1,jj:jj+ndof-1)=GM(ii:ii+ndof-1,jj:jj+ndof-1) ...
+SME(ndof*i-ndof+1:ndof*i,ndof*j-ndof+1:ndof*j);
end, end, end 47/86
if Atype==1
2. Solve : beam_sol.m %
% Solve static beam problem
(same as truss) %
% GU=inv(GK)*GF;
% elseif Atype==2
lambda=1e6*GK(1,1); %
for i=1:nnode, for j=1:ndof % Solve eigenvalue problem
if BC(i,j+1)==1 %
ii=ndof*(i-1)+j; [eig_vec1,eig_val1]=eig(GK,GM);
GK(:,ndof*(i-1)+j)=0; GK(ndof*(i-1)+j,:)=0;
GK(ii,ii)=lambda; %
GM(:,ndof*(i-1)+j)=0; GM(ndof*(i-1)+j,:)=0; %
GM(ii,ii)=1; [eig_val2,index]=sort(diag(eig_val1));
end eig_vec2=eig_vec1(:,index);
GF(ndof*(i-1)+j,1)=F(i,j+1);
end,end % extract required modes
eigval=eig_val2(1:nmode,1);
% natural frequency
omega=sqrt(eigval)/2/pi %Hz
end
48/86
figure(2)
3. Post process (static) : beam_out_static.m plot(X,Y,'-b',dX,dY,'-r'),hold on
% legend('undeformed shape','deformed shape')
% Post process of beam structures text((x1+x2)/2,(y1+y2)/2,int2str(ELEM(i,1)));
% end
% Displacement: U[#1,#2,#3] title('deformed and undeformed shape'), axis equal
% #1: node number hold off
% #2: y-directional displacement save disp.dat U -ascii
% #3: z-directional rotation
%
for i=1:nnode
U(i,1)=i;
for j=1:ndof deformed and undeformed shape
U(i,j+1)=GU(ndof*(i-1)+j); 0.3 undeformed shape
end, end 0.2

deformed shape
%
% Plot deformed shape 0.1
% 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
figure(2)
mag=1; -0.1
for i=1:nelem -0.2

y1=NODE(ELEM(i,2),3); -0.3
x2=NODE(ELEM(i,3),2); -0.4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
X=[x1,x2]; Y = [y1,y2];
dx1=NODE(ELEM(i,2),2);
49/86
beam ex1 (Static analysis)
Number of elements: 1 Number of elements: 2 Number of elements: 4
deformed and undeformed shape deformed and undeformed shape deformed and undeformed shape
0.3 undeformed shape 0.3 0.3
deformed shape deformed shape deformed shape
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1
0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 4
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1
-0.2 -0.2 -0.2
-0.3 -0.3 -0.3
-0.4 -0.4 -0.4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
disp = disp = >> disp

2.0000 -0.1250 -0.1875 1.0000 0 0 1.0000 0 0
2.0000 -0.0391 -0.1406 2.0000 -0.0107 -0.0820
1.0000 0 0 3.0000 -0.1250 -0.1875 3.0000 -0.0391 -0.1406
4.0000 -0.0791 -0.1758
5.0000 -0.1250 -0.1875
disp =
 When shear force is applied: Since the Hermite shape

function is a cubic polynomial and matches the shape of the
exact solution, the displacement value at the node point is
accurate regardless of the number of elements.
50/86
4. Post process (modal) : beam_out_modal.m
%
% Post process of beam structures
for mm=1:nmode
for i=1:nnode
U(i,1)=i;
for j=1:ndof, U(i,j+1)=GU(ndof*(i-1)+j);
end, end
mag=1; % magnification factor
for i=1:nelem
X=[x1,x2]; Y = [y1,y2];
figure(2)
subplot(3,1,mm),plot(X,Y,'-b',dX,dY,'-r'), hold on, axis([0 1 -4 4])
end
hold off
end
51/86
beam ex1 (modal analysis)
original shape of the structure Number of element: 3
1
4
0.3
2
0
0.2
-2
-4
0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
2
4
0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4
2
0
-0.1
-2
-4
-0.2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
3
4
-0.3
2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -2
-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Number
3 10 20 Number of element: 10
of elements:
1
4
2
0
Convergence -2
-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
of frequency 4
2
2
0
-2
Unlike static analysis, it is necessary to -4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
increase the number of elements to obtain an

3
4
2
accurate solution due to the effect of inertial 0

-2
52/86
force. -4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Exercise: beam ex2
clamped-clamped beam using 4, 8, 16 elements
5kN Cross section
20cm
1m
20cm
A  0.02  0.02  4e  4m 2
bh3 0.02(0.02)3
I zz    1.3333e  8m 4
12 12
53/86
undeformed shape undeformed shape undeformed shape

0.3 deformed shape 0.3 deformed shape 0.3 deformed shape
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1
-0.2 -0.2 -0.2
-0.3 -0.3 -0.3
-0.4 -0.4 -0.4

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
54/86
beam ex2 (Modal analysis)
Number of element: 4 Number of element: 8
1 1
4 4
2 2
0 0
-2 -2
-4 -4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
2 2
4 4
2 2
0 0
-2 -2
-4 -4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
3 3
4 4
2 2
0 0
-2 -2
-4 -4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Number of element: 16
Number 4
1
4 8 16
of elements:
2
0
-2
-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
2
4
Convergence 2
0
of frequency -2
-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
3
4
2
0
-2
-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
55/86
Exercise: beam ex3
simply supported beam using 4, 8, 16 elements
5kN m Cross section
20cm
1m
20cm
A  0.02  0.02  4e  4m 2
bh3 0.02(0.02)3
I zz    1.3333e  8m 4
12 12
56/86
deformed and undeformed shape
deformed and undeformed shape deformed and undeformed shape
undeformed shape
0.3 deformed shape
deformed shape 0.3 deformed shape
0.3
0.2
0.2 0.2
0.1
0.1 0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
-0.1
-0.1 -0.1
-0.2
-0.2 -0.2
-0.3
-0.3 -0.3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
57/86
beam ex3 (Modal analysis)
Number of element: 4 1 Number of element: 8 1
4 4
2 2
0 0
-2 -2
-4 -4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
2 2
4 4
2 2
0 0
-2 -2
-4 -4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
3 3
4 4
2 2
0 0
-2 -2
-4 -4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Number of element: 16 1
Number 4
4 8 16 2
of elements: -2
0
-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
2
4
Convergence 2
0
of frequency
-2
-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
3
4
2
0
-2
-4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 58/86
4. Frame Element
59/86
Frame element
Nodal degree of freedom: axial displacement(u), deflection(v), rotation()
Frame element = bar element + beam element v2
Nodal degree of freedom for element coordinate θ

u2
Y v1
de   u1 v1 1 u2 v2 2 T ② 2
Nodal degree of freedom for global coordinate θ u1
d   u1 v1 1 u2 v2  2 
T
① 1
x
Coordinate transformation
 u1   cos sin  0 0 0 0   u1 
    
 v1    sin  cos  0 0 0 0   v1 

1   0 0 1 0 0 0  1  de   T d 
   
u2   0 0 0 cos sin  0  u2 
 v2   0 0 0  sin  cos  0   v2 
    
 2 
   0 0 0 0 0 1  
 2 

60/86
Frame element
Element mass and stiffness matrices for local coordinate
 EA EA 
 0 0  0 0 
 Le Le 
 12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 
140 0 0 70 0 0   0 0  
   L3e L2e L3e L2e 
 0 156 22 Le 0 54 13Le  
   0 6 EI 4 EI 6 EI 2 EI 
4 L2e 3L2e  0 
 ALe  0 22 Le 0 13Le  L2e Le L2e Le 
 M e   420  70 0 0 140 0 0   K e    EA 
 EA
 
 L 0 0 0 0 
 0 54 13Le 0 156 22 Le  e Le
   
 0 13Le 3L2e 0 22 Le 4 L2e   12 EI 6 EI 12 EI 6 EI 
 0   0  2 
 L3e L2e L3e Le 
 6 EI 2 EI 6 EI 4 EI 
 0 0  
 L2e Le L2e Le 
Element mass and stiffness matrices for global coordinate
 M e   T T  M e  T   K e   T T  K e  T 

   
61/86
Finite element code of frame using MATLAB
1. Input data
Input data:frame_in.m
 Node data Materials, node and element definition
Boundary conditions, loads
 Element data
 Area, Solve:frame_sol.m
 Second moment of area (Izz)
 Material data Evaluate results:frame_out.m
 External load
Is this satisfy no
 Static Analysis
yes
 Modal Analysis Present results
 Natural frequency Flow chart of beam problem

 Mode shape
62/86
Frame ex1
Find static deflection, first six natural frequencies and mode shapes of the given
frame structure using 3, 15, 30 elements
Cross section
2m 3
2
5kN 30cm
1.5 m 10cm
A  0.01  0.03  3e  4m 2
bh3 0.01(0.03)3
I zz    2.25e  8m 4
1 4 12 12
63/86
0. Frame main program : frame.m %--------------------------------------------------------------
% %--------------------------------------------------------------
% 2D-Frame program frame_sol
% SI unit
% %--------------------------------------------------------------
clear all; close all; % < Postprocess >
%--------------------------------------------------------------
%-------------------------------------------------------------- if Atype==1
% < Input Beam information > frame_out_static
%-------------------------------------------------------------- elseif Atype==2
frame_ex1 frame_out_modal
%frame_ex11 %frame_movie
%frame_ex2 end
%frame_ex22
%--------------------------------------------------------------
%--------------------------------------------------------------
fprintf('\n => Static Analysis = 1') See frame/frame.m
Atype=input(' Analysis type ? ');
64/86
%
1. Input Data : frame_ex1.m % Area of the cross-section
2m
% %
% INPUT FOR 2D-FRAME PROBLEM A=3e-4;
% SI unit Izz=2.25e-8; 1.5 m
% Information of truss element %
% % Young's Modulus
ndof=3; % degree of freedom for each node %
npe=2; % node per element E=200E9;%
% Node data %
% NODE=[#1 #2 #3] rho=7850;
% #1: node number % 2

% #3: y-coordinate % BC=[#1 #2 #3 #4] 1.5 2 2 3

10 0 % #2: x-constraint (0:free, 1:fixed) 1
2 0 1.5 % #3: y-constraint (0:free, 1:fixed) 1 3

3 2 1.5 % #4: z-rotation (0:free, 1:fixed) 0.5
4 2 0]; BC=zeros(nnode,4);
nnode=length(NODE); for i=1:nnode, BC(i,1)=i;, end 0 1 4
% BC(1,2)=1; BC(1,3)=1; BC(1,4)=1;
% Element data BC(4,2)=1; BC(4,3)=1; BC(4,4)=1; -0.5
% ELEM=[#1 #2 #3] %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
% #1: element number % External loads

% #2: node number 1 % F=[#1 #2 #3 #4]
% #3: node number 2 % #1: node number
% % #2: x-directional load, shear load
ELEM=[ % #3: y-directional load, shear load
112 % #4: z-rotation, moment
223 F=zeros(nnode,4);
3 3 4]; for i=1:nnode, F(i,1)=i;, end
nelem=length(ELEM); F(2,2)=5000; 65/86
2. Solve : frame_sol.m
%
% Construct system matrix and solve 2D-frame problem
% Global mass and stiffness matrices
%
GK=zeros(ndof*nnode,ndof*nnode);
GM=zeros(ndof*nnode,ndof*nnode);
GF=zeros(ndof*nnode,1);
for l=1:nelem
%
% Element stiffness matrix
%
dx=NODE(ELEM(l,3),2)-NODE(ELEM(l,2),2);
dy=NODE(ELEM(l,3),3)-NODE(ELEM(l,2),3);
L=sqrt(dx^2+dy^2); % element length
Ca=dx/L; Sa=dy/L; % cos & sin (alpha)
% transformation matrix
T=[Ca Sa 0 0 0 0;
-Sa Ca 0 0 0 0;
0 0 1 0 0 0;
0 0 0 Ca Sa 0;
0 0 0 -Sa Ca 0;
0 0 0 0 0 1];
% element stiffness matrix

SKExy=zeros(6,6);
SKExy(1,1)=A*E/L; SKExy(1,4)=-A*E/L;
SKExy(2,2)=12*E*Izz/L^3; SKExy(2,3)=6*E*Izz/L^2; SKExy(2,5)=-12*E*Izz/L^3; SKExy(2,6)=6*E*Izz/L^2;
SKExy(3,2)=6*E*Izz/L^2; SKExy(3,3)=4*E*Izz/L; SKExy(3,5)=-6*E*Izz/L^2; SKExy(3,6)=2*E*Izz/L;
SKExy(4,1)=-A*E/L; SKExy(4,4)=A*E/L;
SKExy(5,2)=-12*E*Izz/L^3; SKExy(5,3)=-6*E*Izz/L^2; SKExy(5,5)=12*E*Izz/L^3; SKExy(5,6)=-6*E*Izz/L^2;
SKExy(6,2)=6*E*Izz/L^2; SKExy(6,3)=2*E*Izz/L; SKExy(6,5)=-6*E*Izz/L^2; SKExy(6,6)=4*E*Izz/L;
66/86
SKE=T'*SKExy*T;
2. Solve : frame_sol.m
% element mass matrix
SMExy=zeros(6,6);
SMExy(1,1)=rho*A*L/420*140; SMExy(1,4)=rho*A*L/420*70;
SMExy(2,2)=rho*A*L/420*156; SMExy(2,3)=rho*A*L/420*22*L; SMExy(2,5)=rho*A*L/420*54;
SMExy(2,6)=-rho*A*L/420*13*L;
SMExy(3,2)=rho*A*L/420*22*L; SMExy(3,3)=rho*A*L/420*4*L^2; SMExy(3,5)=rho*A*L/420*13*L;
SMExy(3,6)=-rho*A*L/420*3*L^2;
SMExy(4,1)=rho*A*L/420*70; SMExy(4,4)=rho*A*L/420*140;
SMExy(5,2)=rho*A*L/420*54; SMExy(5,3)=rho*A*L/420*13*L; SMExy(5,5)=rho*A*L/420*156;
SMExy(5,6)=-rho*A*L/420*22*L;
SMExy(6,2)=-rho*A*L/420*13*L; SMExy(6,3)=-rho*A*L/420*3*L^2; SMExy(6,5)=-rho*A*L/420*22*L;
SMExy(6,6)=rho*A*L/420*4*L^2;
SME=T'*SMExy*T;
% Assembe global stiffness matrix

for i=1:npe
for j=1:npe
GK(ii:ii+ndof-1,jj:jj+ndof-1)=GK(ii:ii+ndof-1,jj:jj+ndof-1) ...
+SKE(ndof*i-ndof+1:ndof*i,ndof*j-ndof+1:ndof*j);
GM(ii:ii+ndof-1,jj:jj+ndof-1)=GM(ii:ii+ndof-1,jj:jj+ndof-1) ...
+SME(ndof*i-ndof+1:ndof*i,ndof*j-ndof+1:ndof*j);
end
end
end
67/86
2. Solve : frame_sol.m if Atype==1
%
% Solve static beam problem
(same as truss) %
% GU=inv(GK)*GF;
% elseif Atype==2
lambda=1e6*GK(1,1); %
for i=1:nnode, for j=1:ndof % Solve eigenvalue problem
if BC(i,j+1)==1 %
ii=ndof*(i-1)+j; [eig_vec1,eig_val1]=eig(GK,GM);
GK(:,ndof*(i-1)+j)=0; GK(ndof*(i-1)+j,:)=0;
GK(ii,ii)=lambda; %
GM(:,ndof*(i-1)+j)=0; GM(ndof*(i-1)+j,:)=0; %
GM(ii,ii)=1; [eig_val2,index]=sort(diag(eig_val1));
end eig_vec2=eig_vec1(:,index);
GF(ndof*(i-1)+j,1)=F(i,j+1);
end,end % extract required modes
eigval=eig_val2(1:nmode,1);
% natural frequency
omega=sqrt(eigval)/2/pi %Hz
end
68/86
figure(2)
3. Post process : frame_out_static.m plot(X,Y,'-b',dX,dY,'-r'),hold on
% Post process of 2D-plane frame structures legend('undeformed shape','deformed shape')
% Displacement: U[#1,#2,#3,#4] text((x1+x2)/2,(y1+y2)/2,int2str(ELEM(i,1)));
% #1: node number end
% #2: x-directional displacement title('deformed and undeformed shape'), axis equal
% #3: y-directional displacement hold off
% #4: z-directional rotation
for i=1:nnode save disp.dat U -ascii
U(i,1)=i;
for j=1:ndof
U(i,j+1)=GU(ndof*(i-1)+j);
end
end deformed and undeformed shape
1.6
% 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
% Plot deformed shape 1.4 10 21
% 1.2
9
undeformed shape
22
figure(2) 8 deformed shape 23

17
mag=1; 24
for i=1:nelem 0.8 6 25
x1=NODE(ELEM(i,2),2); 0.6
5 26
y1=NODE(ELEM(i,2),3); 4 27
0.4 3
x2=NODE(ELEM(i,3),2); 28
y2=NODE(ELEM(i,3),3); 0.2 2 29
X=[x1,x2]; Y = [y1,y2]; 0
1 30
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
69/86
frame ex1 (Static analysis)
1.6 1.6 1.6
2 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
deformed shape deformed shape
1.4 1.4 1.4 10 21
5 11
9 22
1.2 1.2 1.2 undeformed shape
8 deformed shape 23
4 12
1 1 17 24
0.8 0.8 0.8 6 25

1 3 3 13
5 26
0.6 0.6 0.6
4 27
2 14
0.4 0.4 0.4 3 28
0.2 0.2 0.2 2 29

1 15
1 30
0 0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
70/86
3. Post process (modal) : frame_out_modal.m
%
% Post process of beam structures
for mm=1:nmode
for i=1:nnode
U(i,1)=i;
for j=1:ndof, U(i,j+1)=GU(ndof*(i-1)+j);
end, end
mag=1; % magnification factor
for i=1:nelem
X=[x1,x2]; Y = [y1,y2];
figure(2)
subplot(3,2,mm),plot(X,Y,'-b',dX,dY,'-r'), hold on, axis([-1 3 0 2])
end
hold off
end
71/86
Frame ex1(Modal analysis)
Number of element: 3 Number of element: 15
1 2 1 2
2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
-1 0 1 2 3 -1 0 1 2 3 -1 0 1 2 3 -1 0 1 2 3
3 4 3 4
2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
-1 0 1 2 3 -1 0 1 2 3 -1 0 1 2 3 -1 0 1 2 3
5 6 5 6
2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
-1 0 1 2 3 -1 0 1 2 3 -1 0 1 2 3 -1 0 1 2 3
1 2
Number 2 2
3 15 30
of elements: 1 1
0 0
-1 0 1 2 3 -1 0 1 2 3
3 4
2 2
Convergence 1 1
of frequency 0
-1 0 1 2 3
0
-1 0 1 2 3
5 6
2 2
1 1
0 0
-1 0 1 2 3 -1 0 1 2 3
72/86
Exercise: Frame ex2
Find first six natural frequencies and mode shapes of the given frame structure
using 7, 21, 70 elements
Cross section
30cm
3m
3 kN m
10cm
5kN
A  0.01  0.03  3e  4m 2
3m bh3 0.01(0.03)3
I zz    2.25e  8m 4
12 12
1 2 3
4m 4m
73/86
frame ex2 (Static analysis)
7 7 7
undeformed shape undeformed shape undeformed shape
6 deformed shape 6 deformed shape 6 deformed shape
40 50
12 15 39 49
38 48
5 5 5 37 47
6 7 11 14 36 46
35 45
4 4 4 34 44
33 43
10 13 32 42
31 41
3 4 5 3 16 17 18 19 20 21 3 1051 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 602061 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 7030
3 6 9 9 19 29
8 18 28
2 2 2 7 17 27
6 16 26
1 2 3 2 5 8 5 15 25
1 1 1 4 14 24
3 13 23
1 4 7 2 12 22
1 11 21
0 0 0
-1 -1 -1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
74/86
Exercise: Frame ex2 (Modal analysis)
6 7 8
5
6 7
Mode shapes
1 2
4
6 6
3 4 4 5 5 6
4 4
2 2 2
1 2 3 0 0
1
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
0 1 2 3 3 4
6 6
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 4
2 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
5 6
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
75/86
Exercise: Frame ex2 (Modal analysis)
Number of elements: 21
6 15
18
1 2
12 15 6 6
4 4
5 14 17
2 2
11 14
0 0
4 13 16
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
10 13 3 4
3 4 16 19 17 20 18 8 19 21 20 22 21 12 6 6
4 4
3 6 9
2 2
2 3 7 11 0 0
2 5 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
5 6
1 2 6 10
6 6
1 4 7
4 4
0 1 5 9 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
Number 1 2
7 21 70 6 6
of elements: 4
2
4
2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
3 4
6 6
Convergence
4 4
2 2
0 0
of frequency 0 2 4
5
6 8 0 2 4
6
6 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
76/86
Summary
 Static and modal analysis of structure using finite element method was
studied
2.1 how to construct mass and stiffness matrices of the structure
2.2 how to solve static problem using MATLAB
2.3 how to solve eigenvalue problem using MATLAB
2.4 how to analyze truss, beam and frame structure

77/86
CEP Activity
78/86

Fea With Matlab (12) - A

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fea With Matlab (12) - A

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Finite element dynamic analysis

Truss, Beam and Frame Elements

1. Introduction to Finite Element Method

Step 5: post process

All finite element methods go through the above process 4/86

Stress-strain relation:    C    C  d e 

u : displacement field vector

Equation of motion of element

Element mass and stiffness matrices

Assemble each elemental system matrix for global system matrix

Static Analysis : no mass, no damping

Newton’s second law: fig. (d)

General solution: y (t )  c1 sin nt  c2 cos nt

Initial conditions: y (0)  y0 , y (0)  0

period (T ): time for one cycle (sec)

Matrix form of equations of motion

M x  K x  0

Eigenvalue problem: Generalized eigenvalue problem:

How to solve eigenvalue problem?

General solution: x  c1 X1sin(1t  1)  c2 X2 sin(2t  2 )

Undamped free vibration system: 

Assumed solution form: d (t )  eit where  : mode shape (eigenvector)

General solution of the given system is a linear combination of each mode

For nontrivial solution,  2

 2 M   K    M   K   0 : Eigenvalue problem

Stress-strain relation:  x  E x     C    E  B d 

Element mass and stiffness matrices

% #3: y-directional displacement undeformed shape

end, end 0.5 1 2

% #1: node number deformed shape

% #2: x-directional displacement

% Plot deformed shape

Deformed and undeformed shape Stresses of each element

Deformed and undeformed shape Stresses of each element

Deformed and undeformed shape Stresses of each element

Deformed and undeformed shape Stresses of each element

v  N1v1  N 21  N 3v2  N 4 2

Element mass matrix

Element stiffness matrix

BEAML=1; % length of beam % #3: z-rotation (0:free, 1:fixed) 0.2

NODE(i,2)=BEAML/nelem*(i-1); %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -0.1

end % External loads -0.2

% % F=[#1 #2 #3] -0.3

% #1: element number % #3: z-rotation, moment

% element mass matrix

% Assembe global stiffness matrix

U(i,j+1)=GU(ndof*(i-1)+j); 0.3 undeformed shape

end, end 0.2

for i=1:nelem -0.2

0.1 0.1 0.1

-0.1 -0.1 -0.1

-0.2 -0.2 -0.2

-0.3 -0.3 -0.3

-0.4 -0.4 -0.4

disp = disp = >> disp

 When shear force is applied: Since the Hermite shape

increase the number of elements to obtain an

accurate solution due to the effect of inertial 0

5kN Cross section

undeformed shape undeformed shape undeformed shape

0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 0.1

-0.1 -0.1 -0.1