Critical Thinking

Membuat Website Profesional

Firhat Hidayat MT
Critical Thinking
Intro
21st Century Skills
Intro
Why
Intro

• Critical thinking skills are essential in every industry at every career

level, from entry-level associates to top executives.

• Good critical thinkers can work both independently and with others to
solve problems.

• Issues such as process inefficiencies, management or finances can be

improved by using critical thought. Because of this, employers value
and seek out candidates who demonstrate strong critical thinking skills.
Critical Thinking

• Critical thinking is the act of analyzing facts to understand a problem or topic

thoroughly.

• By building these skills, you improve your ability to analyze information and come to
the best decision possible

• Critical thinking comes from asking the right questions to come to the best conclusion
possible. Strong critical thinkers analyze information from a variety of viewpoints in
order to identify the best course of action.

• The critical thinking process typically includes steps such as collecting information and
data, asking thoughtful questions and analyzing possible solutions.

• For example, if you’re working in human resources and need to resolve a conflict
between two employees, you will use critical thinking to understand the nature of the
conflict and what action should be taken to resolve the situation.
• Being objective is a fundamental part of critical thinking.
• That means analyzing the problem without allowing personal bias,
emotions or assumptions to influence how you think. A strong critical
thinker will only analyze a problem based on the context and facts
collected after conducting thorough and impartial research.
5 Critical Thinking Skills

1. Observation

• Observational skills are the starting point for critical thinking. People who are
observant can quickly sense and identify a new problem. Those skilled in
observation are also capable of understanding why something might be a
problem. They may even be able to predict when a problem might occur before
it happens based on their experiences.

2. Analysis

• Once a problem has been identified, analytical skills become essential. The
ability to analyze and effectively evaluate a situation involves knowing what
facts, data or information about the problem are important. This also often
includes gathering unbiased research, asking relevant questions about the data
to ensure it’s accurate and assessing the findings objectively.
5 Critical Thinking Skills

3. Inference

• Drawing conclusions based on relevant data, information, and

personal knowledge and experience.

4. Communication

• Sharing and receiving information with others verbally, nonverbally

and in writing.

5. Problem Solving

• The process of gathering, analyzing and comunicating information to

identify and troubleshoot solution.
How
Step to critical thinking for problem-solving

• Identify a problem or issue.

• Create inferences on why the problem exists and how it can be solved.
• Collect information or data on the issue through research.
• Organize and sort data and findings.
• Develop and execute solutions.
• Analyze which solutions worked or didn’t work.
• Identify ways to improve the solution.
Computational Thingking
Computational Thinking
Introduction

• Computational thinking is a set of skills and processes that enable to

navigate complex problems.

• Four Key Concepts in Computational Thinking

• decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithmic
thinking.

• What makes this especially different from other problem-solving processes

is that it, in the end, results in an algorithm, which is a series of steps a
person or computer uses to perform a task or solve the problem. In doing
so, computational thinking ensures that the process can be replicated. In
other words, computational thinking is about the process itself just as
much as it is about solving the problem.
Computational Thinking
Why is Computational Thinking Important?

• As a foundation for coding and computer science, computational

thinking encourages us to reflect clearly on a problem we’re solving for
and intentionally program solutions for it.

• As a foundation for technology integration, computational thinking

encourages us to consider how we can leverage technology to aid us in
solving these problems – to automate certain tasks.
Computational Thinking
Sample Case

• Let’s say we’ve been tasked to bring doughnuts to the family meeting.
We take everyone’s order and have a sizable list of 100 doughnuts we
intend to purchase, and we want to calculate the total cost before going
to the shop. In order to do so, we can use computational thinking to
make this problem more easily solvable.

• My honest reaction when seeing this problem statement is to grab my

phone and start adding the cost doughnut by doughnut. And yes, that
could work, but it’s an inefficient and unnecessary approach to take.
Computational thinking offers us a far better, less laborious, and joint-
saving way.
Decomposition
Definition

• The process of breaking down complex problems into smaller, more manageable parts
• Dekomposisi sendiri adalah suatu proses dalam computational yang berfungsi untuk membagi
masalah-masalah dalam lingkup yang lebih kecil atau spesifik. Dekomposisi dilakukan untuk
membantu kita dalam memecahkan suatu masalah yang kompleks.

• Langkah-langkah dalam dekomposisi yaitu;

• Identifikasi masalah utama
• Buat serta susunan daftar komponen-komponen penyusun (utama)
• Buat serta susunan daftar bagian-bagian kecilnya
• Buat rencana dalam menyelesaikan masalah tersebut sesuai urutan (algoritma)
• Selesaikan setiap bagian-bagian kecil hingga ke detail.
Decomposition
Case
Pattern Recognition
Definition

• proses untuk mengenali pola atau kesamaan umum dari masalah-

masalah lain yang serupa dengan masalah yang telah ditemukan dari
proses dekomposisi.

• Pengenalan pola bertujuan agar seseorang dapat memprediksi hal yang

akan terjadi setelahnya, membuat sebuah aturan khusus , dan
memudahkan memecahkan masalah dengan pola yang hampir sama.
Pengenalan pola dibagi menjadi dua yaitu sintaks, statistik dan jaringan
syaraf tiruan.
Pattern Recognition
Case

• And in 
computer science and coding,
pattern recognition helps us
identify similarities between
decomposed problems. If they are
coding a game, they may
recognize similar objects,
patterns, and actions. Finding
these allows them to apply the
same, or slightly modified, string
of code to each, which makes
their programming more efficient.
Abstraction
Definition

• Decomposition and pattern recognition broke down the complex, and

abstraction figures out how to work with the different parts efficiently
and accurately.

• melakukan generalisasi dan mengidentifikasi prinsip-prinsip umum yang

menghasilkan pola dan keteraturan tersebut. Misalnya dengan
menempatkan semua file system di folder Windows file program di
folder program files file data atau dokumen di folder dokumen dan file
pendukung di drive atau direktori terpisah.
Abstraksi
Case

• Adapun langkah-langkah dari proses

abstraksi sebagai berikut;

• Mengumpulkan sub masalah dari

hasil dekomposisi;

• menentukan skala kebutuhan dari

sub masalah tersebut terhadap
beberapa besar dampak dari
masalah tersebut terhadap masalah
kompleks;

• menghilangkan sub masalah yang

memiliki skala kebutuhan tidak
terlalu penting hingga tidak
penting
Algorithm Design
Definition

• An algorithm is a process or formula for calculating answers, sorting data, and

automating tasks; and algorithmic thinking is the process for developing an
algorithm.

• With algorithmic thinking, students endeavor to construct a step-by-step process for

solving a problem and like problems so that the work is replicable by humans or
computers.

• Algorithmic thinking is a derivative of computer science and the process to

develop code and program applications. This approach automates the problem-
solving process by creating a series of systematic, logical steps that intake a
defined set of inputs and produce a defined set of outputs based on these.

• In other words, algorithmic thinking is not solving for a specific answer; instead, it
solves how to build a sequential, complete, and replicable process that has an end
point – an algorithm
Computational Thinking
Solution

• We can decompose the problem into smaller steps. 1) We need to know the price of each type of
doughnut. 2) We need to know how many of each doughnut type we are buying. Once we know this,
we can calculate the total cost.

• Price List:
• Bear Claws: $3.00 each

• Glazed Raised $1.60 each

• Old Fashioned $2.00

• Jelly Filled $2.10

• Maple Bars $2.15

Number of Doughnuts by Type:

• 25 Bear Claws $3.00 each

• 30 Glazed Raised $1.60 each

Computational Thinking
solution

• Now, with an organized list of the number of doughnuts and cost per type, we recognize that each item
on the list follows the same pattern, which allows us to construct an equation to calculate the total cost
for each doughnut type.

• Exhibit A: 25 Bear Claws x $3.00 = $75.

• With the patterned data type, this equation easily repeats down the list:
• 25 Bear Claws: x $3.00 each = $75
• 30 Glazed Raised x $1.60 each = $48
• 10 Old Fashioned x $2.00 = $20
• 15 Jelly Filled x $2.10 = $31.5
• 30 Maple Bars x $2.15 = $64.5
• Finally, we can then add the costs for each doughnut type to calculate the total: $75 + $48 + $20 +
$31.5 + 64.5 = $239.
Computational Thinking
Solution

• Because we know National Cupcake Day is coming up and that treats never
fail to lift my spirit, how can we leverage this work to help our colleagues
similarly create a budget for those? With the equations used to solve the
problem, we can abstract a template with two formulas for calculating the
total cost.

• Number of Items by Type x Price Per Unit = Cost per Item Type
• Cost Per Item Type + Cost Per Item Type + Cost Per Item Type = Total Cost
• This can be applied with the cupcakes or with ice cream sandwiches, more
doughnuts, or kale chips (to make up for all the dessert – that’s balance,
right?). The formula – with the noise and complication from the initial
problem removed – is now an accessible tool.
Computational Thinking
Solution

• We can then further extend the transfer of knowledge from this

experience to ensure a reliable output every time by constructing an
algorithm so that we and others can replicate it for more sweet
celebrations.

• Step 1: Add up the items by type or flavor.

• Step 2: Assign the price per each item type.
• Step 3: Multiply the number of items by type with its cost per unit.
• Step 4: Add the total cost for each type together.
• Step 5: Bon Appetit!
Reference

• https://equip.learning.com/decomposition-computational-thinking/
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S05738555068000
27

• https://smpnduakrui.sch.id/artikel/memecahkan-permasalahan-dengan-te
knik-computational-thinking

• https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/critical-think
ing-skills