PRACTICAL

RESEARCH
PLANNING DATA COLLECTION
PROCEDURES
LESSON 4
INTRODUCTION
Data collection refers to the process of
gathering information. The data that you will
collect should be able to answer the questions
you posed in your Statement of the Problem.
 There are various methods that you can use in collecting data
for a research study. Each has its advantages and disadvantages
and as a researcher, you should be able to identify when it is
appropriate to employ each of the data collection procedures. All
these techniques are expected to generate numerical calculations.
The data are collected. recorded, organized and translated to
measurement scales and entered into a computer database for
statistical computation, using appropriate software packages like
EXCEL. SPSS, SAS, etc.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE DATA
COLLECTION PROCEDURES
A. Observation

This method of gathering data is usually used in situations where the

respondents cannot answer the researcher's question to obtain
information for a research study. The observation is structured to elicit
information that could be coded to give numerical data. As a
researcher, you have to prepare a checklist using an appropriate rating
scales that may categorize the behavior, attitude, or attribute that you
are observing to answer the questions posed in your study. As you
observe, you will record your observation by using checkmarks or
cross marks on your checklist.
B. Survey
Quantitative data can be collected using four (4) main types of survey:

1. Sample survey

The researcher collects data from a sample of a population to estimate

the attributes or characteristics of the population. Example of sample
survey pertains to customer satisfaction, health care, politics, market
research, academic or education surveys. At the current time surveys
concerning feedbacks from parents and teachers on the K-12
implementation are very timely.
11. Administrative data

This is a survey on the organization's day-to-day operations. This

kind of data is now supported with various ICT tools and softwares
making it organizations especially government, schools, industry,
NGO to update t records efficiently and effectively and put up their
own Management Information their Systems (MIS).
111. Census
The researcher collects data from the selected population. It is an official
count on survey of a population with details on demographics, economic
and social data such as age, sex, education, marital status, household
size, occupation religion, employment data, educational qualifications,
and housing. The collected data are usually used by government or
private firms for purposes and development strategies.

In the Philippines, census of this kind is conducted by the National

Statistics Office (NSO) for civil registration system, Bureau of Labor
and Employment Statisics (BLES), Philippine Statistical Association
(PSA), COMELEC and other national agencies.
1111. Tracer studies
This is a regular survey with a sample of those surveyed within a specific
time or period.

In school settings, tracer studies are used by educational institutions to

follow up their graduates. The survey is usually sent to a random sample
after one or two years after graduation from their courses. Tracer studies
gather data on work or employment data, current occupation and
competencies needed in the workplace to determine gaps in curriculum
and other related activities between academe and industry.
C. Quantitative Interview
The interview may be used for both quantitative and qualitative research
studies. Both research methods involve the participation of the researcher
and the respondent

In conducting a quantitative interview, the researcher prepares an

interview guide or schedule. It contains the list of questions and answer
options that the researcher will read to the respondent. The interview guide
may contain closed-ended questions and a few open-ended questions as
well, that are delivered in the same format and same order to every
respondent.
 This method of collecting data involves gathering of information from a
large representative sample, which is quite laborious. Using a recorder
during the interview will lessen not only the time required to record the
answers but will also lessen the interview effect on the respondents.
Likewise, it gives the researcher an opportunity to explain or clarify some
questions which may be confusing to the respondent However, it is time
consuming and expensive than administering questionnaires.

Data from quantitative interviews can be analyzed by assigning

numerical values to the responses of the participants. The numeric
responses may be entered into a data analysis computer program where
you can run various statistical measures.
D. Questionnaire
A questionnaire may be standardized or researcher-made. A standardized
questionnaire has gone through the process of psychometric validation, has
been piloted and revised.

Sauro (2012) provided the advantages of standardized usability

questionnaire:
Validity
It has undergone the process of validation procedures. That is, it
determines how well the questionnaire measures what it is intended to
measure.

Reliability
The repeatability of the questionnaire has been tested. It refers to how
consistent responses are to the questions.

Sensitivity
It is often measured using resampling procedures to see how well the
questionnaire can differentiate at a fraction of the sample size.
Objectivity
To attain this measure, practitioners or experts are requested to verify
statements of other practitioners in the same field.

Quantification
The standardized questionnaire has undergone statistical analysis

Norms
The standardized questionnaire have normalized references and
databases which allow one to convert raw scores to percentile ranks.
For a researcher-made questionnaire that has been developed by the
researcher specifically for a research study, the following should be
discussed:

1. the corrections and suggestions made on the draft to improve the

instrument
2. the different persons involved in the correction and refinement of the
research instrument
3. the pre-testing efforts and subsequent instrument revisions
4. the type of items used in the instrument
5. the reliability of the data and evidence of validity 6. the steps involved in
scoring, guidelines for interpretation
The following discussion will guide you in formulating good questions
questionnaire: in a

• Avoid leading questions.

• Be specific with what you like to measure.

• For example, if you want to evaluate a program, be specific with

what aspect or measurement you like to evaluate in the program,
quality? effectiveness?
• Avoid unfamiliar words that the respondents might not be familiar
with

• Multiple choice categories should be mutually exclusive to elicit

clear choices

• Avoid personal questions, which may intrude into the privacy of the
respondents like those questions pertaining to income, family life,
beliefs, like religions or political affiliation

• Make your questions short and easy to answer

THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
REPORTERS
LAYUG CABAÑA
ANDAM PLACEROS
JORIA MACABATAO
DACER DAHUG
FLORES