Biological

Macromolecules

Grade 12 – Physical Science

 Biological Macromolecules

most of them are have a huge

large, organic organic variety of functions,
molecule such as compounds such as storing
carbohydrates, energy, protection,
lipids, proteins, etc.
and nucleic acids
 01 02
Monosaccharide Monomer
Important simplest form of a molecule that can react with
carbohydrates other molecule to form very
Terms and large molecules or polymers

Definitions 03 04
Peptide Hormones
short chain of amino special chemical messengers
acid monomer link that are created in the
by peptide bonds endocrine gland
 05 06
Amino acids Enzymes
Important organic compounds
that combined to form
proteins which make the
biochemical reaction fast
Terms and proteins

Definitions 07 08
Nucleotide Phospholipids
made up of three contain glycerol, two-fatty
components: nitrogen- acids, and a phosphate
containing base, five-carbon group
sugar, and a phosphate
group
01 Carbohydrates
 word may be broken down to carbon and hydrate
 Another term is SACCHARIDE
 classified either as simple or complex
 primary energy source of the human body
 converted to glucose which can be readily used by
the body
 excessive consumption of carbohydrates is
converted to glycogen which is stored in the liver
and in muscles
Classification of Carbohydrates
Simple
Monosaccharide Disaccharides
Glucose Maltose
Galactose Sucrose
Fructose Lactose
Complex
Polysaccharides
Starch / Amylose
Amylopectin
Glycogen
Cellulose
 Simple Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide (one saccharide)
used in dextrose, blood sugar; the form utilized by the
Glucose human body

Galactose found in milk and milk products

found in fruits and honey

Fructose
Disaccharides (two saccharides)
Maltose (glucose + glucose) found in malt
(glucose + fructose) found in regular table sugar,
Sucrose sugarcane, and sugar beet
(glucose + galactose) found in milk and milk products
Lactose
Complex Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides (many saccharides)
Starch / Amylose Amylopectin
storage form of glucose in
storage form of glucose in plants
plants

Glycogen Cellulose
storage form of glucose structural material in plants--cell
animal; stored in the liver and wall in wood, wood fiber cannot be
muscles digested by humans
 Monomer
saccharides
Carbohydrates
made from carbon, Examples
hydrogen, and rice, cereal, potatoes,
oxygen. fruits, pastas

Function
main energy source of
the body
02 Lipids and Fats
 important nutrients in the body but eating too
many can lead to heart disease, cancer, and obesity
 serve other functions such as material for cell
membrane, insulation to maintain body
temperature, aid in digestion, and as signal
molecules
 one of the most varied in terms of structure
 they share the common property of being insoluble
in water
 Lipids and Fats
Fat and Oil Fat Oil
under triglycerides solid triglyceride usually refers to liquid
because they are composed from animal sources such triglycerides from
of glycerol and three fatty as meat, milk, butter, plant sources
acids margarine, eggs, and
cheese

Classifications triglyceride, phospholipid, wax, and

steroid
 Monomer
fatty acid
Lipids
• made from carbon, Examples
hydrogen, and oxygen fats and oils
• soluble in oil but are
insoluble in water
Function
long-term storage of
energy in the body
 Proteins
03  composed of four elements,
namely: carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen
sometimes composed of sulfur
and other metals
made up of amino acids
 Examples of Proteins
Keratin Fibroin / Silk protein
structural protein found in hair, one of the strongest natural fibers a
skin, and nails good insulating material
Collagen Enzymes
major insoluble fibrous protein function to catalyze chemical
found in connective tissues reactions
Myoglobin Lipase – help in digestion of fats
olypeptide that stores oxygen in Pepsin – help in breaking down
muscles proteins into peptides
Sucrase – help in the digestion of
sugars and starches
 Monomer
Proteins amino acid
• made from carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and Two classes:
nitrogen Saturated
Unsaturated fats
• made up of amino acids fats
combined through a have two
missing at least
dehydration link called a carbons
one hydrogen
peptide bond attached to
and are curl in
each carbon
shape
04 Nucleic Acid
play an essential role in the storage,
transfer, and expression of genetic
information
discovered by Friedrich Miescher in
1868
contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and phosphorus
composed of nucleotides
also known as polynucleotides
 Examples of Nucleic Acids
DNA RNA
 deoxyribonucleic acid  ribonucleic acid
 carries the genetic  carries the information
code of organisms from the DNA to the
 termed as the cellular factories for the
blueprint of life synthesis of proteins

3 Parts of  nitrogenous base

 five-carbon carbohydrate
Nucleotide or sugar
 phosphate group
 Monomer
nucleotide

Nucleic Acid Examples

DNA and RNA

made from carbon, Function

hydrogen, oxygen, involves the genetic materials,
nitrogen, and phosphorus DNA and RNA
DNA is the blueprint of life
because it contains instructions on
how to make proteins in the body
 Structures of the Different
Biomolecules

Carbohydrates
Lipids

Proteins Nucleic Acids

CHO CHO CHON CHONP

TRUE or
FALSE?
Carbohydrates
contain carbon.
TRUE
 TRUE or
FALSE?
Meat is an example of
protein.
TRUE
TRUE or
FALSE?are soluble
Lipids
in water.
FALSE
TRUE or
FALSE?
Proteins are made
up of nucleotides.

FALSE
TRUE or
FALSE?
DNA is a nucleic
acid.
TRUE
TRUE or
FALSE?
Sucrose is a
disaccharide.
TRUE
TRUE or
FALSE?
Starch is composed of
many glucose units.

TRUE
TRUE or
FALSE?
Fructose is also
known as blood
sugar.
FALSE
TRUE or
FALSE?
Keratin is easily
dissolved in water.

FALSE
TRUE or
Proteins
FALSE? are made
up of nucleotides.

FALSE
TRUE or
FALSE?
The iron group of
hemoglobin is called a
heme group.
TRUE
TRUE or
A nucleotide has three parts:
FALSE?
nitrogenous base, sugar, and
phosphate
group.

TRUE
 TRUE or
DNA has a double-
FALSE?
helix structure.

TRUE
TRUE or
FALSE?
Triglyceride is a
protein.
FALSE
 TRUE or
Generally, unsaturated
FALSE?
fatty acids remain solid at
room temperature.

FALSE