CHAPTER 6

ETHICS THROUGH THICK AND THIN

& ETHICS AND GLOBALIZATION
 INTRODUCTION

I
Ethics through thick and thin is the
concluding part of this course, yet
interestingly, it also challenges the
philosophical minds of students with
this question: how may the discourses
of ethics from the previous chapters
help us students engage ethical
dilemmas on a global landscapes with
all its ramifications from consumerist
capitalism, neoliberalism,
individualism, religious
fundamentalism and fanaticism, and
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 Topic 2: The Ethical Challenges of Millennials
The idea of ‘social generation’ was introduced in the 19th century. Social
generation are groups of people who were born in the same date range, share
similar cultural experiences, and have been shaped by significant events or societal
trends while coming to age.
‘GENERATION’, referred to family relationships.
HOWE AND STRAUSS – define a social generation as the aggregate of all
people born over a span of roughly twenty years or about the length of one phase
of life: childhood, young adulthood, midlife and old age.

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GENERATIONS ARE IDENTIFIED BY AGE COHORTS
IN THREE CRITERIA:
 GENERATIONS ARE IDENTIFIED BY AGE COHORTS IN
THREE CRITERIA:
• Age Location in History – members of a generation encounter key
historical events and social trends while occupying the same phase of
life.
• Beliefs and Behaviors – members of a generation are shaped in
lasting ways by eras they encounter as children and young adults and
they share common beliefs and behaviors.
• Perceived Membership – members of a generation are aware of the
experiences and traits that they are share with their peers, and they
share a common perceived membership in that generation.

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 Ideologies and their Influence to Millennials
1. Secularism
• Secularism comes from the word secular, meaning “of this world”. It is broadly defined as
freedom from religion as well as freedom of religion. It seeks to interpret life on principles
taken solely from the material world, without recourse to religion. Shifts the focus from
religion to ‘temporal’ and ‘this-worldly things emphasizing on nature, reason, science
technology and development. It is the principle of the separation of government institutions
and persons mandated to represent the state from religious institutions and religious elites.
• Barry Kosmin (2009)
• - He broken down modern secularism into two types
• Positive or soft secularism – separates the roles of church and state
• Negative or hard secularism – attempts to marginalize religion and keep it out of society as
much as possible.

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 • JULY 2010, French National Parliament – FRANCE
• - passed a law banning the wearing of face-covering headgear including masks,
helmet, balaclavas, and other veils covering face in public places.
• 2012, Reproductive Health Law – Philippines
• - stirred a controversy on the separation of church and state during the process of its
passage. Wherein all religious groups in the country were defeated simply because
they cannot impose their beliefs for legislation by the state.
2. Humanism
• - Advocates the value, freedom, and independence of human beings. Emphasizing the
reason and science over scripture and tradition, and also believes that human beings
are flawed but capable of improvement. Also tries to discover the truths about the
universe and humanity’s place within it.

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TYPES OF HUMANISM
 Secular Humanism – associated with atheism. That believes that we should exercise individual
powers of reason rather than accepting the truth of scriptures or dogma and this goes against the
teachings of some religion.
Religious Humanism - the idea is basically that God exists, but he wants us to act like
humanists — to search.
- God is very real, but tends to stay in the background of things rather than interfering or
demanding constant praise.
Humanism and the Millennials - Millennials are highly exposed in a multicultural and digital
environment and at the same time fashioning this environment to work to their advantage. The
idea of humanism is very enticing to their imagination because it places self-well-being,
interests, and happiness as worth striving to their tastes
The Importance ​ of Humanism - Humanism has a deep influence ​ on modern culture. For
example, we often object to something by saying it’s “a violation of human rights.” The idea of
human rights is a humanistic because it emphasizes the worth that is within each individual
person. The non-humanist approach would be to say that the behavior was wrong because it was
“against God’s law” or “contrary to tradition”.

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 • 3. Individualism
• - One typical characteristic of millennials is that they value individuality.
This depicts an individual who is self-absorbed and only thinks for his
own interest. It points to egoism which holds that choosing one’s own
good is in accordance with morality: it is always moral to promote one’s
own good.

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TOPIC 3: THE ROLE OF RELIGIONS IN
ETHICS
 INTRODUCTION

I
No peace among the nations without peace among the religions.
No peace among the religions without dialogue between
religions
No dialogue between the religions without investigation of the
foundations of the religions. - (Hans Kung, 1996)
In quenching this thirst for knowledge, we have
witnessed in human history that the human person
has always sought something more than the daily
living, with its pain, pleasure and sorrow; he has
always wanted to find something more permanent.
And in his search for this unnamable thing (force,
energy, god and gods), he has built temples,
churches, and mosques of all sorts. Extraordinary
things have been done in the name of religion
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 Religion and Ethics
• Ethics studies human • Religion is defined as
behavior and ideal “people’s beliefs and opinions
ways of being. As a concerning the existence,
philosophical nature, and worship of a deity
discipline, it is a or deities, and divine
systematic approach involvement in the universe
to understanding. and human life. A religion is
also viewed as an organized
collection of beliefs, cultural
systems and worldviews that
relate humanity to an order of
existence.
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• Many religions possess
sacred scriptures, narratives,
or sacred accounts that aim to
explain the origin, and
meaning of life and the
universe. From the religions’
beliefs about the cosmos, and
human nature, adherents
usually draw religious laws,
an ideal way of living, and
detailed rules or ethical or
moral conduct (De Guzman,
2018).
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 Religion and Fundamentalism
Fundamentalism is a tendency among certain groups, mainly
religious groups, that is characterized by strict literal adherence and
interpretation of certain scriptures, dogmas and ideologies.
Fundamentalists put much emphasis on purity and homogeneous
belief, thus, diversity of opinion or interpretation is often
discouraged, rejected outright or severely sanctioned. This
intolerance to contrary and opposing views make fundamentalism a
perjorative term that often made synonymous with extremism,
fanaticism and The term religious fundamentalism is used to
denote an action of a group which is highly prejudiced by religious
orthodoxy.

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 Religion and Fundamentalism

• Fundamentalist movement predominantly emerges from an urban society and

disseminates a set of rules in regard to formation of societal structure, human
behavior and behavior Religious movements need to be analyzed from the
historical perspective in regard to categorize them as fundamentalist (Emerson
and Hartman, 2006).
• According to Keddie (1998), "Religiopolitics" has been intensified across the
globe due to unconstrained development in capitalism, disparity in income
distribution, employment insecurities, forced migration, government favoritism
towards a section of the society, and emergence of ideological and cultural
clashes between migrants and original inhabitants.
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 Roots of Fundamentalism

• Basher (2001) outlines some of the important events tracing the

growth of fundamentalism across some of the world’s major
religions.

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 Christianity and Fundamentalism

• Christian fundamentalism grew within the Protestant community of

the United States in the beginnings of the 20th century. The
movement started among conservative Presbyterian theologians and
soon spread among Baptists and other denominations in the early
1900s. The term "fundamentalism" has roots in the Niagara Bible
Conference (1878–1897), which defined those tenets it considered
fundamental to Christian belief.

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 Islam and Fundamentalism

• Islamic Fundamentalism defined as a movement of Muslim seeking

to return to the fundamentals of the Islamic region.
• Islamic fundamentalists favor a literal and originalist interpretation
of the primary sources of Islam; the Quran and Sunnah seek to
eliminate “corrupting” non-Islamic influences from every part of
their lives.

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 Buddhism and Fundamentalism

• Historic and contemporary examples of Buddhist fundamentalism

occur in each of the three main branches of Buddhism: Theravada,
Mahayana, and Vajrayana.
• Buddhist fundamentalism has targeted other religious and ethnic
groups; Myanmar and Sri Lanka.
• Myanmar has seen tension between Muslim minorities and Buddhist
majority during 2013 Burma anti Muslim riot.
• Sri Lanka has seen tension between Muslim minorities and Buddhist
majority during 2014 anti muslim riot in Sri Lanka.
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 Hinduism and Fundamentalism

• Scholar identify several politically active Hindu movements as part

of the “ Hindu fundamentalist family“.
• Hindutva is of the movement founded by Chandranath Basu.
• Hindutva movement described a variant of “ right wing extremism
“adhering to a disputed concept of hamogenised majority and
cultural hegemony.

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 Judaism and Fundamentalism

• Jewish fundamentalism refer to militant religious Zionism or Haredi

Judaism.
• Religion Zionism is an ideology that combines Zionism and
Orthodox Judaism.
• Their ideology revolves around three pillars: the Land of Israel,
People of Israel, and the Torah of Israel.

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Religion's Role in Ethics
 • A central aspect of ethics is " the good life ", the life worth living
or life that is simply satisfying, which is held by many
philosophers to be more important than traditional moral codes.
• The ancient Greeks, believed happiness was brought about by living
one's life in accordance with virtue- positive traits of character.
• The influential philosopher, Immanuel Kant defended the idea of
God as a basic requirements of ethics.
• The existence of God and the immorality of the soul were what
Kant called the postulates of practical reason- assumptions without
which, so he claimed, ethics and a moral life would not be possible.

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 • Revealed religions like Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam do
prescribe some clear and unambiguous rules to follow.
• The link between religion and Ethics seems obvious ( Title and
Wlech,1983;Weaver and Agle,2002). Religions, through the values they embody,
often build the basis for what is considered right and wrong (Turner,1997).
• Religion produces both formal and informal norms and provides people with a
freedom/constraint duality by prescribing behaviors within some acceptable
boundaries ( Fararo and Skvoretz,1986).
• The link between religion and morality is the best illustrated by the Golden Rule.
Virtually all of the world's great religions contain in their religious texts some
version of the Golden Rule: " Do unto others as you would wish them do unto you".

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 Religion's Role in Ethics
RELIGION EXPRESSION OF THE GOLDEN RULE (CITATION)
Christianity All things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you. Do ye so to them; for this is the
law and the prophets. (Matthew 7:1)
Confucianism Do not do to others what you would not like yourself. Then there will be no resentment
against you, either in the family or in the state ( Analects 12:2 )
Buddhism Hurt not others in ways that you yourself would find hurtful. ( dana-Varga 5,1 )
Islam No one of you is believer until he desires for his brother that which he desires for himself.
( Sunnah )
Judaism What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellowman. This is the entire Law; all the rest is
commentary. (Talmud,Shabbat 3id)
Taoism Regard your neighbor's gain as your gain, and your neighbor's loss as your own loss. (Tai
Shang Kan Yin P'ien)
Zoroastrianism Nature alone is good which refrains from doing another whatsoever is not good for itself.
(Dadisten-l-dinik, 94,5)
Hinduism
Presentation title This is the sum of duty, do naught onto others what you would not have them unto you.25
( Mahabharata 5,1517)
 • Ethics becomes global that is why Hans Kung (1996)
would offer a "Global Ethic", where everyone is given
the chance to integrate a common understanding of
world religion.

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Ethics, Fundamentalism and Global
Terrorism
 Ethics, Fundamentalism and Global
Terrorism

• Like globalization there are various different definitions of terrorism

with no universal agreement about it. Terrorism is therefore a loaded
term and concept. It is often used to imply something that is morally
wrong.
• When terrorism is perpetrated by the nation state or dominant political
actors within the state , it is not considered terrorism by the state or
government conducting it , making
• legality largely a problematic issue.(Teichman,1989)
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 Ethics, Fundamentalism and Global
Terrorism

• The United Nations has condemned terrorists acts since 1994 and
came up with the political description of terrorism "Criminal acts
intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general
public , a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes
are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a
political , philosophical, ideological racial, ethnic religious or any
other nature that may invoked to justify them."

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 Ethics, Fundamentalism and Global
Terrorism

• In addition most scholars, organizations and states agree the terrorist acts
are characterized by:
• a.)The use of violence or of the threat of violence in a pursuit of political,
religious, ideological or social objectives.
• b.)Acts committed by non-state actors (or by undercover personnel serving
on the behalf of their respective governments)
• c. Acts reaching more than the immediate target victims and also directed
targets consisting of a larger spectrum of society,
• d.) Both mala prohibita ( crime that is made illegal by legislation) and mala
Presentation title in se(crime that is inherently immoral or wrong). 30
Clash of Civilization
 • After the end of the Cold war, conflicts between civilizations struggling
for influence on a new world order pose the greatest danger for
international stability and peace.This at least,is the central tenet of Samuel
Huntington's famous and best-selling book The Clash of Civilizations
(Huntington 1996) and his earlier Foreign Affairs article (Huntington
1993).
• He defines civilizations as the highest cultural grouping of people and the
broadest level of cultural identity people have, being differentiated from
each other by history,language,culture tradition,and,most important,
religion.He distinguishes seven,or possibly eight civilizations—
Western,Sinic,Japanese,Islamic, Hindu,Slavic-Orthodox,Latin American
and, possibly, African.He posits that civilizational differences are the
product of centuries and far more fundamental than differences among
political ideologies and political regimes and are therefore less mutable
and hence less easily compromised and resolved than political and
economic ones.
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 • Moreover such differences are not merely an abstract
construction:civilizations are meaningful with the way in which
people see and experience reality. He then goes on to argue that the
Cold War had artificially plastered over and dampened inter-
civilizational conflicts.The end of the Cold War had artificially
allowed these conflicts to emerge and gain strength.They also draw
strength from economic modernization,which tends to be weaken the
nation-state as source of identity.Thus, in turn,leads to a revival of
religion as an alternative source of identity. As he puts it."In the
modern world,religion is a central,perhaps,the central force that
motivates and mobilizes people." Finally, the declining power of the
Western Civilization and the rising power of other civilizations allow
the latter to challenge Western hegemony.

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The Rest Against the West
 • Huntingnon mentions the use of terrorism as one form of conflict. In the
clash between the Rest against the West,he identifies terrorism(together
with nuclear arms) as one of the two weapons of the conflict.He refers
much more explicitly to terrorism in his analysis of Islamic
civilization.For the clash between Islam and other civilizations,he states
that while groups from all religions have engaged in various forms of
violence and terrorism,the figures make it clear that in the past decades
Muslims have been involved in far more of these activities than people of
other religions.He particularly stresses the use of terrorism in relation to
the asymmetric clash between islam and the West.

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 • Accordingly in his analysis of Islam,one should expect a particularly
strong clash between Islam and the West given a fourteen centuries old
legacy of conflict.This conflict ultimately stems for similarities in the
aspirations of two civilizations, e.g. as universalistic and
missionary,with simultaneous fundamental differences in culture and
religion."The underlying problem from the West is not Islmic
Fundamentalism. It is Islam,a different civilization whose people is
convinced of the superiority of their culture and obsessed with the
inferiority of their power." The cold war period plastered over this
conflict to some extent,but "the collapse of communism removed a
common enemy of the West and Islam and the left each perceived
major threat to the other "Though Huntington thesis is not immune to
criticisms,events such as the terrorist attacks of 9/11,bombings in
Bali,Madrid and London,Boko Haram,the rise of ISIS and the
activities of Jamaah Islamiyah terrorist cells in Southeast Asia with
ETHICS links to AI Qaeda network were interpreted by many as striking 36
Trends in Global Terrorism
 • Clarke (2020) predicted that geopolitical realignments, emerging
technologies, and demographic shifts will all contribute to different
manifestations of ideologically and politically motivated violence.
• One of the most concerning trends in global terrorism is the proliferation
of violent white supremacy extremist organizations and other groups
motivated by various forms of right-wing extremism. Ukraine has served
as a growing hub for transnational white supremacy, mostly by neo-Nazis.
These groups appear to be growing stronger and more popular in North
America, Europe, Australia, and elsewhere, attempting to mainstream
right-wing ideologies and exploiting social media to spread propaganda,
recruit new members, and finance their organizations and operations.

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 • Today, terrorist organizations are transforming into global networks as
they build international alliances that enable their organizations to
share resources and withstand counterterrorism pressure. Foreign
fighters are dispersing across the globe and have the potential to form
new terrorist groups, strengthen existing ones, or carry out lethal
attacks of their own. Terrorists around the world are also pursuing
offensive cyber weapons capable of crippling critical infrastructure.
Furthermore, the Global War on Terror will soon enter its third decade,
yet the international community is no closer to defeating twenty-first-
century terrorist organizations.

ETHICS 39
 MEMBERS:
CALIMAG, MARIAN BAQUIRING, ANALYN

PEDRO, REYMELYN GAFFUD, MARJORIE

FRAGATA, REMEDIOS SATURIO, MARIEL

Thank you
MIGUEL, PAULINE SEVILLA, NATHALIE

GAJAS, LUISA BARENG, SHELIEN

MUNCHANG, ROSE MANALO, SHERIEN

AGABIN, REANNE TIMBREZA, ALMA