El sistema de determinación permite a los hablantes
seleccionar y particularizar las cosas cuando se habla de ellas. El elemento del grupo nominal a través del cual esto se realiza es el determinador y las clases de unidades que comprenden este elemento de la estructura son los determinantes Determinantes Deícticos Específicos Demostrativos Particularizan el referente del sustantivo indicando si está cerca o lejos del hablante. En inglés: this, that, these, those En español: este, esta, estos, estas y ese, esa, esos, esas, aquel, aquella, aquellos, aquellas Determinantes Deícticos Específicos… Determinantes genitivos Además de la función semántica de posesión, como por ej. en ‘the boy’s books’ = the boy has books, el genitivo puede tener otros significados, a saber: Europe’s big cities: locativo A year’s trip: duración The dog’s tail: inherencia Determinantes Deícticos Específicos… The girl’s nephew: parentesco Tom’s friends: ámbito Shakespeare’s plays: origen / fuente Napoleon’s mistake: agente Napoleon’s defeat: paciente Men’s shoes: descripción = clasificador Dogs’ food: descripción = clasificador Determinantes Deícticos Específicos… Las mismas relaciones funcionales se pueden expresar por medio de los adjetivos posesivos, por ejemplo: Her eyes: inherencia His car: posesión Their son: parentesco His mistake: agente Her operation: paciente Our friendship: recíproco Determinantes Deícticos Específicos… Las relaciones funcionales que, en inglés, se expresan por medio de construcciones genitivas se pueden expresar en español por medio de adjetivos posesivos, por ej.: Su rostro: inherencia Mi casa: posesión Nuestra amistad: recíproco Su hijo: parentesco Tu obra: origen Su reacción: agente Determinantes Deícticos No Específicos En inglés: Seleccionan entidades por referencia a: a) su indefinitud: some, any, no Choose any question in section one Escoja cualquier pregunta de la sección uno Can you give me any idea of the possible date of the meeting? ¿Puedes darme alguna idea de la fecha de la reunión? Determinantes Deícticos No Específicos b) su distribución: both, either, neither (sustantivos contables en un conjunto de solo dos miembros), You must never cross without looking both ways. each, every (sustantivos contables en un conjunto de dos o más), You can park on each side of the road all (sustantivos contables singulares o plurales y sustantivos no contables) All men are created equal I couldn’t read all the novel Determinantes Deícticos WH De Selección Específica: which, whose Which movie would you like to see? I may be late, in which case start without me. De Selección No Específica: what, whatever, whichever, What ideas have you got about this job? I’ll show you what information I have. Determinantes Adjetivos La determinación se puede realizar a través de adjetivos que cumplen una función selectiva más que cualitativa: - similitud: same, identical, - diferencia: other, different, - totalidad: complete, whole, entire, total, - familiaridad: familiar, famous, notorious, - regularidad: usual, normal, customary, regular, - particularidad: particular, certain, original, main, chief, - exclusividad: a) sole, solitary, only, (the) precise, b) adjetivos superlativos: (the) best, smallest, tallest, - cantidad: a) definida: one, first, single; two, second, double, b) indefinida: many, several, few, Ejercicio 1 One final point needs to be addressed in this discussion of each parameter of TV as an international process. In July of last year the magazine Asian Broadcasting wrote a headline that read, "Satellites: Everybody wants one." The particular theory is that direct broadcast satellite (DBS) systems are ideal for some countries that are eager to provide their people with common telecommunications systems. Behind that thesis lies the usual social notion that the application of such technologies can enhance ambitions of boosting socioeconomic development. The other immediate advantage of DBS is its ability to split any sound signal to serve a nation that may be geopolitically a single entity, but which in linguistic and cultural terms is no more than an aggregate of different groups. Ejercicio contrastivo I know that some people feel a greater security in taking a child who has passed the mental and physical tests of the first year or two. But parents take certain risks with all children, by birth as well as by adoption. Sé que algunas personas sienten mayor seguridad adoptando a un niño que haya pasado la prueba física del primer año, o de los dos primeros. Pero los padres corren ciertos riesgos con los hijos, propios o adoptivos. Ejercicio contrastivo A mentally or physically defective child can be born in any family. Parents actually take far less risk in adoption than in birth. Most types of physical malformation are apparent at birth. Una criatura con deficiencias físicas o mentales puede nacer en cualquier familia. En realidad, los padres corren mucho menor riesgo adoptando a un niño que teniéndolo. La mayor parte de las deformaciones físicas son patentes cuando el niño nace. Ejercicio contrastivo As for mental defects, the most obvious sorts can be detected at birth, while the least obvious may escape detection until the child is of school age. En cuanto a los defectos mentales, los más obvios se perciben desde el nacimiento; los menos visibles pueden pasar inadvertidos hasta la edad escolar. Ejercicio 2 Clasifique los determinantes que aparecen en el siguiente texto: To a degree that still troubles every veteran lawyer, the case against Gary Graham depended on the testimony of a single eyewitness. Graham was found guilty of shooting a drug dealer named Bobby Lambert outside a Safeway store in north Houston in May 1981. The murder weapon was never found and prosecutors had no physical evidence linking Graham to the crime scene. But they had Bernadine Skillern, a 34-year-old secretary and mother of three. Ejercicio 2 Skillern, sitting in her car in the Safeway parking lot, actually saw the murder take place - she even honked her horn in a frantic effort to distract the gunman. "I saw Mr. Graham shoot and kill Mr. Lambert on that parking lot in 1981," she told a press conference in Houston last week. "That has not changed. That is not going to change." Ejercicio 2 Sounds like a solid case for the prosecution until you know that two other witnesses, both entirely credible, say Graham was not the killer - and no jury has ever heard their testimony. In interviews with NEWSWEEK, these witnesses raise doubts about Graham's conviction and death sentence, now the focus of an increasingly desperate effort to win a stay of execution from the state of Texas and Gov. George W. Bush. Bush supports the death penalty, and his campaign last week had no statement on the Graham case. But capital punishment is now an issue in the presidential race and, in Austin, the governor's staff was treading carefully. Graham's lawyers got a meeting with Bush's general counsel and the chairman of the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles, which will review the case this week - a sliver of hope for Graham. Ejercicio contrastivo Deeman and Dalia, 13- and 14-year old sisters, have been living in the Erbil orphanage for seven years. The girls have two brothers who are living in a nearby boys' orphanage and three older sisters who live with their grandmother. For many years, nobody was quite sure what had become of the children's parents. Deeman y Dalia, dos hermanas de 13 y 14 años, llevan viviendo en el orfelinato de Erbil desde hace siete años. Las niñas tienen dos hermanos que viven en un orfelinato cercano para varones y tres hermanas mayores que habitan con su abuela. Durante muchos años, nadie supo con seguridad qué había ocurrido con el padre y la madre de estos niños. Ejercicio contrastivo… Twelve year old Sheima is another resident. She explains that six years ago her mother "went mad and was sent back to her father's home." She was later taken to the orphanage. Her father is a welder and comes to see her every week. She likes playing and songs, and going on picnics and camping trips that are sometimes arranged by the orphanage. Sheima, de 12 años, es otra residente. Explica que hace seis años su madre "enloqueció y la enviaron de vuelta a la casa de su padre". A Sheima la enviaron poco después al orfelinato. Su padre es un soldador y la visita todas las semanas. Le gusta jugar y cantar, ir al campo a almorzar y las excursiones que a menudo organiza el orfelinato.