Chapter 9 NBCAS

Chapter 9
Number Systems
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

+
The Decimal System
 System based on decimal digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) to represent
numbers
 For example the number 83 means eight tens plus three:
83 = (8 * 10) + 3
 The number 4728 means four thousands, seven hundreds, two tens, plus
eight:
4728 = (4 * 1000) + (7 * 100) + (2 * 10) + 8

 The decimal system is said to have a base, or radix, of 10. This means that
each digit in the number is multiplied by 10 raised to a power
corresponding to that digit’s position:
83 = (8 * 101) + (3 * 100)
4728 = (4 * 103) + (7 * 102) + (2 * 101) + (8 * 100)

+
Decimal Fractions
 The same principle holds for decimal fractions, but negative powers of 10 are
used. Thus, the decimal fraction 0.256 stands for 2 tenths plus 5 hundredths
plus 6 thousandths:
0.256 = (2 * 10-1) + (5 * 10-2) + (6 * 10-3)
 A number with both an integer and fractional part has digits raised to both
positive and negative powers of 10:
442.256 = (4 * 102) + (4 + 101) + (2 * 100) + (2 * 10-1) + (5 * 10-2)
+ (6 * 10-3)
 Most significant digit

 The leftmost digit (carries the highest value)
 Least significant digit

 The rightmost digit
Table 9.1
Positional Interpretation of a Decimal Number

+
Common Number Systems
Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
+
Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
p. 33
+
Hexa-
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
+
Hexa-
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17 Etc.
+
Conversion Among Bases
 The possibilities:
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
+ The Binary System
 Only two digits, 1 and 0
 Represented to the base 2
 The digits 1 and 0 in binary notation have the same meaning as in decimal notation:
02 = 010
12 = 110
 To represent larger numbers each digit in a binary number has a value depending on
its position:
102 = (1 * 21) + (0 * 20) = 210
112 = (1 * 21) + (1 * 20) = 310
1002 = (1 * 22) + (0 * 21) + (0 * 20) = 410
and so on. Again, fractional values are represented with negative powers of the radix:
1001.101 = 23 + 20 + 2-1 + 2-3 = 9.62510

+
Numbers Are Different!
 Computers use binary (not decimal) numbers (0's and 1's).

 Requires more digits to represent the same magnitude.
 Computers store and process numbers using a fixed

number of digits (“fixed-precision”).
 Computers represent signed numbers using 2's

complement instead of sign-plus-magnitude (not our
familiar “sign-plus-magnitude”).
Copyright © 2000, Daniel W. Lewis. All Rights Reserved.

+
Positional Number Systems
 Numeric values are represented by a sequence of

digit symbols.
 Symbols represent numeric values.

 Symbols are not limited to ‘0’-’9’!
 Each symbol’s contribution to the total value of the

number is weighted according to its position in the
sequence.
+ Polynomial Evaluation
Whole Numbers (Radix = 10):

123410 = 1  103 + 2  102 + 3  101 + 4  100
With Fractional Part (Radix = 10):

36.7210 = 3  101 + 6  100 + 7  10-1 + 2  10-2
General Case (Radix = R):

(S1S0.S-1S-2)R =
S1  R1 + S0  R0 + S-1  R -1 + S-2  R-2

+
Converting Radix R to Decimal
36.728 = 3  81 + 6  80 + 7  8-1 + 2  8-2
= 24 + 6 + 0.875 + 0.03125
= 30.9062510
Important: Polynomial evaluation doesn’t work if you try to

convert in the other direction – I.e., from decimal to
something else! Why?

+
Decimal to Binary
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
+ Decimal to Binary Conversion
(Whole Part: Repeated Division)
 Divide by target radix (2 in this case)
 Remainders become digits in the new representation (0 <= digit < R)
 Digits produced in right to left order.
 Quotient is used as next dividend.
 Stop when the quotient becomes zero, but use the corresponding
remainder.

(Whole Part: Repeated Division)
97  2  quotient = 48, remainder = 1 (LSB)

48  2  quotient = 24, remainder = 0.
1  2  quotient = 0 (Stop) remainder = 1 (MSB)
Result = 1 1 0 0 0 0 12

(Fractional Part: Repeated Multiplication)
.1  2  0.2 (fractional part = .2, whole part = 0)

Result = .00011001100110011 2…..
(How much should we keep?)

Decimal to Binary Conversion Example
Use the chart to record the division
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 = 189
To convert the decimal 189 / 2 = 94 r 1
number 189 to binary 94 / 2 = 47 r 0
you must divide the 47 / 2 = 23 r 1
number by 2. Starting 23 / 2 = 11 r 1
from the right, place a 11 / 2 = 5 r 1
1 if there is a 5/2= 2r1
remainder or a 0 if no 2/2= 1r0
remainder. 1 / 2 = cannot
divide further -
carry the 1 Press any key to continue…
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 = 75
number by 2. Starting 9/2= 4r1
from the right, place a 4/2= 2r0
remainder or a 0 if no 1 / 2 = cannot divide
remainder. further - carry the 1
Fill in to make 8 bits with 0
Press any key to continue…
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 = 242
number by 2. Starting 30 / 2 = 15 r 0
from the right, place a 15 / 2 = 7 r 1
remainder or a 0 if no 3/2= 1r1
remainder. 1 / 2 = cannot
divide further -
carry the 1 Press any key to continue…
+ Counting in Binary
Dec Binary Note the pattern!

0 0000 • LSB (bit 0) toggles on
1 0001 every count.
2 0010 • Bit 1 toggles on every
3 0011 second count.
4 0100 • Bit 2 toggles on every
5 0101 fourth count.
6 0110 • Etc….
7 0111

+
Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
12510 = 11111012
Figure 9.2
Examples of
Converting
from
Decimal Notation
To
Binary Notation
For Fractions

+
Binary to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
+
Binary to Decimal
 Technique

Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of the bit
 The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
 Add the results
+
Example
Bit “0”
1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
+
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Converting to decimal, so we can use polynomial evaluation:
101101012
= 127 + 026 + 125 + 124 + 023 + 122 + 021 +

120
= 128 + 32 + 16 + 4 + 1
= 18110

+ 30
Binary → Dec : Example #2

Example:
Convert the binary number 01101012 into its decimal
equivalent.
Solution:
0 1 1 0 1 0 1
26 25 24 23 22 21 20
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 + 32 + 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 5310
\01101012 = 5310
+ 31
Binary → Dec : More Examples
a) 0110 2 = ?
b) 11010 2 = ?
c) 0110101 2 = ?
d) 11010011 2 = ?
e) 10.1011 2 = ?
+ 32
Binary → Dec : More Examples
a) 0110 2 = ? 6 10
b) 11010 2 = ? 26 10
c) 0110101 2 = ? 53 10
d) 11010011 2 = ? 211 10
+
Dec → Binary : Examples
Convert the following decimal numbers to

binary.
A. 45
B. 69
C. 99
E. 1
+
Dec → Binary : Examples
Answers
 Binary
A. 101101
B. 1000101
C. 1100011
D. 1
+
Octal to Binary
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
+
Octal to Binary
 Technique
 Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary representation
+
Use the Table for conversion
Hexa-
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
p. 33
+
Example
7058 = ?2
7 0 5
111 000 101
7058 = 1110001012
+
Converting Octal to Binary
435208 = 1000111010100002
STEP ONE: Take each octal digit and
convert each digit to a binary triplet. Keep
leading zeros:
4 3 5 2 0
100 011
0 101 010
0 000
39
+
Binary to Octal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
+
Binary to Octal
 Technique
 Group bits in threes, starting on right
 Convert to octal digits
+
Example
10110101112 = ?8
1 011 010 111
1 3 2 7
10110101112 = 13278
+Converting Binary to Octal
start
100011001010012
STEP ONE: Take the binary number and
from right to left, group all placeholders in
triplets. Add leading zeros, if necessary:
010 001 100 101 001
43
+
0010 001 100 101 0012 = 214518
STEP TWO: Convert each triplet to its

single-digit octal equivalent. (HINT: For
each triplet, the octal conversion is the
same as converting to a decimal number):
010 001 100 101 001
2 1 4 5 1
44
+ Exercise 1 - Binary to Octal
 Covert the following Binary to Octal :
A. 111110110
B. 1000001
C. 10000010
D. 1100010

+
Hexa-
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
p. 33
+ Exercise 1 - Solutions
 Covert the following Binary to Octal :
A. 766
B. 202
C. 101
D. 142

+ Exercise 2 – Octal to Binary
 Covert the following Octal to Binary:
A. 25248
B. 3322108

+
Hexa-
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
p. 33
+ Exercise 2 – Octal to Binary
 Covert the following Octal to Binary :
A. 25248 = 010101010100
B. 3322108 = 011011010010001000

+
Octal to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
+
Octal to Decimal
 Technique

 Add the results
+
Example
7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
+
Octal to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
+ Decimal to Octal
 Step 1: Take the given decimal number
 Step 2: If the number is less than 8 the octal number is the same
 Step 3: If the number is greater than 7 then Divide the number
with 8
 Step 4: Note the remainder
 Step 5: Carry on the step 3 and 4 with the qoutient till it is less
than 8
 Step 6: Write the remainders in reverse order(bottom to top)
 Step 7: The resultant is the equivalent octal number to the given

decimal number

+ Decimal to Octal
 Question 1: Convert 128 to octal form.
Solution: Given decimal number is 128
 Start the division process
 8 | 128
8 | 16 -- 0
8 | 2 -- 0
8 | 0 --2
 The equivalent octal number for 128 is 2008

+ Decimal to Octal
 Question 2: Convert 58 to octal form
 8 | 58
8 | 7 -- 2
8 | 0 --7
 octal number for 58 is 728

+ Decimal to Octal
 Question 3: Convert 451 to octal form
Solution:
 Given decimal number is 451
 8 | 451
 8 | 56 -- 3
 8 | 7 -- 0
 8 | 0 -- 7
 the equivalent octal number for 128 is 7038

+ Decimal to Octal
 Question 4: Convert 4 to octal form?
 Since 4 is less than 7
 Correct answer is the equivalent octal number for 4 is 48

+ Exercise 1 - Decimal to Octal
 Covert the following Decimal to Octal:
A. 901
B. 321
C. 112
D. 25.625

+ Exercise 1 - Decimal to Octal
 Covert the following Decimal to Octal :
A. 901 = 1605
B. 321 = 501
C. 112 = 160
D. 25.625 = 31.50

+ Exercise 2 - Octal to Decimal
 Covert the following Octal numbers to Decimals:
 777
 345

+ Exercise 2 - Octal to Decimal
 Covert the following Octal numbers to Decimals:
 777 = 511
 345 = 229

+
Hexadecimal Notation
 Binary digits are grouped into sets of four bits, called a nibble
 Each possible combination of four binary digits is given a symbol, as follows:
0000 = 0 0100 = 4 1000 = 8 1100 = C

0001 = 1 0101 = 5 1001 = 9 1101 = D
0010 = 2 0110 = 6 1010 = A 1110 = E
0011 = 3 0111 = 7 1011 = B 1111 = F
 Because 16 symbols are used, the notation is called hexadecimal and the 16
symbols are the hexadecimal digits
 Thus
2C16 = (216 * 161) + (C16 * 160)
= (210 * 161) + (1210 * 160) = 44

+ Hexadecimal Numbers
(Radix = 16)
 The number of digit symbols is determined by the

radix (e.g., 16)
 The value of the digit symbols range from 0 to 15 (0
to R-1).
 The symbols are 0-9 followed by A-F.
 Conversion between binary and hex is trivial!
 Use as a shorthand for binary (significantly fewer
digits are required for same magnitude).

+ Know this table!
Hex Binary Hex Binary
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 A 1010
3 0011 B 1011
4 0100 C 1100
5 0101 D 1101
6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111

+
Binary to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
+
Binary to Hexadecimal
 Technique
 Group bits in fours, starting on right
 Convert to hexadecimal digits
+
Example
10101110112 = ?16
10 1011 1011
2 B B
10101110112 = 2BB16
+ Binary/Hex Conversions
Hex digits are in one-to-one correspondence with groups of four

binary digits:
11 1010 0101 0110 . 1110 0010 1111 1000
3 A 5 6 . E 2 F 8
• Conversion is a simple table lookup!
• Zero-fill on left and right ends to complete the groups!
• Works because 16 = 24 (power relationship)

+
Table 9.3
Decimal, Binary,
and Hexadecimal

+
Hexadecimal to Binary
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
+ Hexadecimal to Binary Conversions
Remember hexadecimal uses groups of four bits, so we can use

the table below for conversions.
Examples:
To convert D14B to binary:
D = 1101, 1 = 0001, 4 = 0100, B = 1011
When we put the pieces together, we get: D14B16 =
11010001010010112
+ Hexadecimal to Binary Examples
Hex to binary conversion examples
 (1E3)16 = (0001 1110 0011)2
 (0A2B)16 = (0000 1010 0010 1011)2
 (7E0C)16 = (0111 1110 0000 1100) 2

+
Exercise 1 Hexadecimal
 Convert the following binary numbers to hexadecimal.
A. 10101001
B. 11100111
C. 01101110
+
Exercise 2 Hexadecimal
Express each number as a binary number.

b. BAC916
d. 4009D16
+
Hexadecimal to Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
+
Hexadecimal to Decimal
 Technique

 Add the results
+
Example
ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
+
Example
Convert 7DE hex number to a decimal
7DE = (7 * 16^2) + (13 * 16^1) + (14 * 16^0)
7DE = (7 * 256) + (13 * 16) + (14 * 1)
7DE = 1792 + 208 + 14
7DE = 2014 (in decimal number)

+
Exercise 1. Hexadecimal to Decimal
 Cover the following Hex to decimal:
 (1D9)16 =
 (80E1)16 =
 (10CE)16 =
+ Use this table
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 A 1010
3 0011 B 1011
4 0100 C 1100
5 0101 D 1101
6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111

+
Exercise 1. Hexadecimal to Decimal
 Solutions
 (1D9)16 = (473)10
 (80E1)16 = (32993)10
 (10CE)16 = (4302)10
+
Decimal to Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
+
 Steps
1. Divide the decimal number by 16. Treat the division as an

integer division.
2. Write down the remainder (in hexadecimal).
3. Divide the result again by 16. Treat the division as an integer

division.
4. Repeat step 2 and 3 until result is 0.
5. The hex value is the digit sequence of the remainders from the
last to firs
+
 Convert the number 256 DECIMAL to HEXADECIMAL
DIVISION RESULT REMAINDER (in HEX)
256 / 16 16 0
16 / 16 1 0
1 / 16 0 1

ANSWER 100
+
DIVISION RESULT REMAINDER (in HEX)
921 / 16 57 9
57 / 16 3 9
3 / 16 0 3

ANSWER 399
+
REMAINDER
DIVISION RESULT
(in HEX)
188 / 16 11 C (12 decimal)
11 / 16 0 B (11 decimal)

ANSWER BC
+
 Convert the number decimals to Hexadecimal:
 100 =
 590 =
 998 =
+ Use this table
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 A 1010
3 0011 B 1011
4 0100 C 1100
5 0101 D 1101
6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111

+
 Solution:
 100 = 64
 590 = 24E
 998 = 3E6
+
 Technique
 Group bits in fours, starting on right
 Convert to hexadecimal digits
+
Recap - Fractions
 Decimal to decimal (just for fun)
3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04

1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14
pp. 46-50
+
Recap - Fractions
 Binary to decimal
10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625
1 x 2-3 = 0.125
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5
0 x 20 = 0.0
1 x 21 = 2.0
2.6875
pp. 46-50
+
Recap - Fractions
 Decimal to binary .14579
x 2
3.14579 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001... etc.
p. 50
+
Home Exercise
Complete the table below
Hexa-
29.8
101.1101
3.07
C.82
+
Exercise – Convert …
Answer
Hexa-
29.8 11101.110011… 35.63… 1D.CC…
5.8125 101.1101 5.64 5.D
3.109375 11.000111 3.07 3.1C
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404 C.82
+
Summary Conversion
 The possibilities:
Decimal Octal
Binary Hexadecimal
+ Summary
Number Systems
Chapter 9
 Convertingbetween types
 The decimal system of number systems
 Positional number
systems
 The binary system

Chapter 9 NBCAS

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Chapter 9

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 For example the number 83 means eight tens plus three:

4728 = (4 * 1000) + (7 * 100) + (2 * 10) + 8

4728 = (4 * 103) + (7 * 102) + (2 * 101) + (8 * 100)

0.256 = (2 * 10-1) + (5 * 10-2) + (6 * 10-3)

442.256 = (4 * 102) + (4 + 101) + (2 * 100) + (2 * 10-1) + (5 * 10-2)

 Most significant digit

 Least significant digit

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

 Represented to the base 2

102 = (1 * 21) + (0 * 20) = 210

112 = (1 * 21) + (1 * 20) = 310

1002 = (1 * 22) + (0 * 21) + (0 * 20) = 410

1001.101 = 23 + 20 + 2-1 + 2-3 = 9.62510

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

 Computers use binary (not decimal) numbers (0's and 1's).

 Computers store and process numbers using a fixed

 Computers represent signed numbers using 2's

Copyright © 2000, Daniel W. Lewis. All Rights Reserved.

 Numeric values are represented by a sequence of

 Symbols represent numeric values.

 Each symbol’s contribution to the total value of the

Whole Numbers (Radix = 10):

With Fractional Part (Radix = 10):

General Case (Radix = R):

S1  R1 + S0  R0 + S-1  R -1 + S-2  R-2

Copyright © 2000, Daniel W. Lewis. All Rights Reserved.

36.728 = 3  81 + 6  80 + 7  8-1 + 2  8-2

Important: Polynomial evaluation doesn’t work if you try to

Copyright © 2000, Daniel W. Lewis. All Rights Reserved.

 Divide by target radix (2 in this case)

 Remainders become digits in the new representation (0 <= digit < R)

 Digits produced in right to left order.

 Quotient is used as next dividend.

Copyright © 2000, Daniel W. Lewis. All Rights Reserved.

97  2  quotient = 48, remainder = 1 (LSB)

Copyright © 2000, Daniel W. Lewis. All Rights Reserved.

.1  2  0.2 (fractional part = .2, whole part = 0)

Result = .00011001100110011 2…..

(How much should we keep?)

Copyright © 2000, Daniel W. Lewis. All Rights Reserved.

Dec Binary Note the pattern!

Copyright © 2000, Daniel W. Lewis. All Rights Reserved.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

Converting to decimal, so we can use polynomial evaluation:

= 127 + 026 + 125 + 124 + 023 + 122 + 021 +

Copyright © 2000, Daniel W. Lewis. All Rights Reserved.

Binary → Dec : Example #2

Binary → Dec : More Examples

Binary → Dec : More Examples

Convert the following decimal numbers to

111 000 101

1 011 010 111

010 001 100 101 001

STEP TWO: Convert each triplet to its

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.

 Step 4: Note the remainder

 Step 6: Write the remainders in reverse order(bottom to top)

 Step 7: The resultant is the equivalent octal number to the given

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved.