Principles of Virology

Presentation
Group No:9
Marwa Naeem (SP20-BSO-063)
 Noor-ul-Ain (SP20-BSO-074)
 Sana Javed (SP20-BSO-086)
Sundas Zahra (SP20-BSO-094)
Wajeeha Saleem (SP20-BSO-105)
 Zeerish Faisal (SP20-BSO-106)
Human Papilloma Virus
(HPV)
 Introduction
(Zeerish Faisal)

• Family: Papillomaviridae
• Small, non-enveloped, icosahedral (72 sided)
• Double stranded (DNA) viral genome
• Circular, approximately 8-kb in length.
• The genome encodes for 6 early proteins (virus replication) and 2 late
proteins, L1 and L2 (viral structural proteins).
• “High-risk" genotypes (HPV 16 and 18) cause approximately 70% of
all cervical cancers.
• Two "low-risk" genotypes (HPV 6 and 11) cause genital warts.
 Types of HPV and disease association
(Zeerish Faisal)
Type of Papillomavirus Disease

HPV-1, 2 Common warts

HPV-1 Plantar warts
HPV-3 Flate wart
HPV-3, 7 Butcher wart
HPV-6, 11, 30, and a few others Respiratory system
HPV-28, 29 Verruciformis
HPV-6, 11, 42, 43, 44 Genital area with low risk
HPV-16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68 Genital area with high risk
HPV-3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, Epidermodysplasia
24, 25
 (Noor – Ulain)
GENOME EXPRESSION

The genome is divided into three regions based upon its expression:

Early gene expression:

These are expressed in early life cycle of HPV.

Early Promoter:
‣ Contains a promoter region
‣ Recognized by host cell transcription factor

E1 and E2 proteins:
‣ E1 protein is involved in viral DNA replication
‣ E2 protein acts as a transcriptional regulator
‣ Regulates the expression E6 and E7 genes

E6 and E7 proteins:
‣ Expression in HPV-associated carcinogenesis
‣ Inhibiting cell cycle arrest and apoptosis
‣ The E7 promotes cell proliferation
 (Noor – Ulain)
Late gene expression:
‣ These are expressed in later life cycle of HPV

Late Promoter:
‣ Expression of late genes
‣ Activated by viral proteins and host cell factors

L1 and L2 proteins:
‣ L1 proteins self-assemble to form the viral capsid
‣ L2 proteins assist in viral genome packaging

Long Control Region (LCR):

‣ Known as the upstream regulatory region (URR)
‣ Non-coding region located upstream of the early region.
‣ Contains binding sites for cellular and viral transcription
factors.
‣ Expression of genes involved in viral gene expression and
replication.

Expressed genes and their roles in viral replication:

‣ The E1 protein acts as a helicase
‣ The E2 protein functions as a replication initiator
Life cycle: Productive phase Latent phase
(Marwa Naeem) • Occur in basal layer • No active infection
cells is caused
•  DNA replicates • Virion DNA get
100-500 times per settled down in
cell i.e., episomal host's nucleus 
state • Instead of clearing
• Followed by cell out, virus presists.
proliferation,
genome
amplification and
expression of capsid
proteins
 Warts take 1 to 8 months once the
virus settles in the area.
THE INCUBATION
PERIOD
(Marwa Naeem) Genital warts develop for 1  to 3
months.

Common in children and young adults

and uncommon in older adults.
Life Cycle of HPV
(Sundas Zahra)

• Infect actively dividing basal, stem or

epithelium cells.
• Entry via micro-abrasions or through the
cellular junction of single layered squamous
cells.
• Stages of HPV Life Cycle: 
1. Virion attachment to susceptible cells
(basal cells).
2. Virion penetration into the cytoplasm and
traffics the genome to the replication site.
Life cycle of HPV………cont.
3. Viral genome replication (amplification)
• viral genome is replicated 10–50 copies per nucleus and three times in
complete life cycle.
• First inside infected cells, second in concert with the host cell genome
and thirdly takes place only in the differentiated keratinocytes.
4. Virion assembly (capsid synthesis)
5. Release of infectious particles
 Direct contact (usually sexual) with the infected
person
Can occur during any types of intimate sexual
contact
Intercourse with multiple partners
Mode of
Transmission Non-sexual transmission of genital HPV rare:
woman to newborn infant at birth 
(Zeerish Faisal)
Transmission through fomites

Smoke cigarettes

Oral contraceptives
Epidemiology:
(Wajiha Saleem)
• Approximately 14 million new HPV infections occurred annually.
• Nearly half occurring in persons aged 15-24 years. 
• As of 2017, the World Health Organization estimates that the
worldwide prevalence of HPV among women is 11.7%. 
• Latin America and the Caribbean have a prevalence of 16.1%, the
second-highest prevalence for women after Sub-Saharan Africa (24%).
• In Pakistan, estimates shows 5008 women are diagnosed with cervical
cancer and 3197 die from it annually.
 Symptoms
(Wajeeha Saleem) 

1. Frequent Symptoms
 Healthcare providers refer it as an asymptomatic  infection.( no
symptoms)
 One type don't immune people to other types, so possibility of
again being infected is always there.
2. Less Frequent Symptoms
 around 1% of people  get a low-risk type that causes genital warts.
 HPV is ultimately the cause of all common warts 
 Some HPV types only cause warts on the hands or feet and can be
spread by casual contact.
 Diagnosis
(Marwa Naeem)

Traditional methods, not suitable as HPV can't be cultured

Diagnosis is made with;
• Colposcopy and acetic acid test
• Biopsy
• DNA test (PCR, Southern Blot Hybridization, In Situ Hybridization)
• Pap smear
Treatment:
(Marwa Naeem)

• Vaccines are available for

certain types of HPV
which cause genital warts
and cervical cancer.
• More effective if given
before getting transfected
by virus.
THE END