1.

0 INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
The introduction introduces the topic and the background or
context of the study.
4 MAJOR PARTS OF INTRODUCTION
Part 1: What is the study all about?
State the main thesis of investigation. Why do you want to study
the topic?
Part 2: What do other author say about the topic?
Summarize the major literature/studies conducted on the topic.
Part 3: What are the gaps in knowledge based on the literature
reviewed ?
Identify what has not been explored by the authors.
Part 4: How do you intend to address these gaps?
Outline your plan to address these gaps.
THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
 Functions of Literature
in the Research Process
• It provides information about past research studies related to the
intended investigation, preventing the duplication of research
undertakings.
• It presents gaps in the field of study.
• It affords confidence and authority to the researchers since
reviewing literature can provide them all possible constructs and
perspectives of the present study.
• It gives information about the methods used in similar studies.
• It enumerates findings from previous studies that may support
those of the present study.
• It provides ideas on how implications may be drawn out of the
analysis and interpretation of data
 Types of Sources
1. General references are sources that are first accessed by
researchers to give them information about other
sources such as research articles, professional journals,
books, monographs, conference proceedings, and similar
documents.
The Current Index of Journals in Education is an example
of this source.
2. Primary sources are those that provide first hand
information about experts’ and other researchers’
publications.
Examples of this kind include academic and research
journals published by universities and learned
organizations.
 Types of Sources

3. Secondary sources are those written by authors that

describe another researcher’s works.
Such sources include textbooks, single-authored books,
and books edited by different authors with each
contributing to a collection of chapters on a single topic.

4. Tertiary sources are books and articles based on

secondary sources. It synthesize and explains the works of
others.
 Organization of Information from RRL

Things to be considered in making the RRL

1. How do the different authors define and use the
concept?
2. Do the authors have the same or different
argument on the concept?
3. Can you group the authors by disagreeable
opinions concerning the concept?
Write it in narrative form and show a clear
description of how these authors use the given
concept.
 Organization of Information from RRL
Three major approaches to be considered in
ordering the topics in the RRL:
1. Chronological.
It is the most applicable if the topics are arranged for a
usual timeline of development.
2. Conceptual
it is suggested if the study is set in clear and interrelated
concepts.
3. Stated Hypotheses
If there are hypotheses in a given study, stated
hypothesis form a natural way to order key word clusters.
 Guidelines in Citing Author(s) of the RRL
1. By author or writer. In this method, facts,
ideas, or principles are discussed or explained
separately.
Burns et al. (2008) expounded that learnings styles are
the preferred habitual patterns of mental functioning.

Romanelli et al. (2009) described learning styles as the

cognitive, affective and psychological behaviors that serve
as relatively stable indicators of how learners perceive,
interact, and respond to the learning environment.
 Guidelines in Citing Author(s) of the RRL

2. By topic. In this case, if many authors have the

same opinion or idea about the same topic,
discussion and citation of the topic is under the
names of the authors or writers.

The use of animated movies, computer animation, and

simple drawings are constructive for stimulating and
maintaining learner’s attention (Williamson & Abraham,
1995; Ames and Ames, 1995; Barak, 2006)
 Guidelines in Citing Author(s) of the RRL
3. Chronological. Related materials or references
may be cited in a chronological manner, that is,
according to the year they were written or
published.
Adri (2004) described the relationship between the student’s
learning styles and their academic performance.

Baldomero (2006) assessed the learning style of students in bridge

programs in a public high school and their implications on academic
achievement.

Romana (2010) determined the learning styles and multiple

intillegences of pupils in a preparatory school.
 Ways of Citing
1. APA Format
American Psychological Association or APA style
• most common way to cite sources in the field of social
sciences
• author-date method of in-text citation is followed
2. MLA format
Modern Language Association or MLA style
• most commonly used to write papers and cite sources
within the liberal arts and humanities
• uses parenthetical citation
3. Chicago Manual of style
• It presents two basic documentation systems: (1) notes
and bibliography and (2) author-date
 Citing in APA format

1. A work by two authors

Name both authors in the parentheses whenever their
work is cited. Use the word “and” between the author’s
names within the text and sue the ampersand (&) in the
parentheses.

Research is … (Robinson & Levin, 1997)

Robinson and Levin (1997) discussed ….
 Citing in APA format
2. A work by three to five authors
Include the entire author’s surname in parentheses the first time
the source is cited. Use the word and between the authors’ names
within the text and use the ampersand in the parentheses.

Kim, Song, Chang, Kang, and Park (2013) posited ….

Learning is … (Kim, Song, Chang, Kang, & Park, 2013)

In subsequent citations, only use the first author’s surname

followed by the words “et al.” which means ‘and others’ in
parentheses.

Kim et al. (2013) stated ….

Note: In et al., et should not be followed by a period.
 Citing in APA format
3. Six or more authors
Use the first author’s name followed by et al. in the parentheses.
Choi et al. (2013) reported ….

However, if two sources have six or more authors but with some
identical surnames, cite the first author followed by as many names to
distinguish one from the other.
Orleans, Nueva España, Palomar, Camacho, Avilla, and Sotto (2014)
suggested….
Orleans, Nueva España, Palomar, Florentino, David, and Abulon (2014)
claimed

In subsequent citations, the following is observed:

Orleans, Nueva España, Palomar, Camacho et al. (2014) argued….
Orleans, Nueva España, Palomar, Florentino et al. (2014) maintained…
 Citing in APA format
4. Associations, corporations, government agencies, etc. as
an author
If the name of an association is the source, it should be
cited as follows:
According to the Department of Education (2013)…

However, if the association has a well-known

abbreviation, the abbreviation in brackets is included the
first time it appears and then only the abbreviation in later
citations.
first citation: Commission on Higher Education [CHED]
(2012)…
second citation: CHED (2012)…
 Citing in APA format

5. Citing indirect source

If a source was mentioned in another source, the citation
is as follows:

Smith argued that… (as cited in Johnson, 2005, p. 92).

6. Electronic sources
Electronic documents are cited the same way as any
other document by using the author-date style.

Briones (2009) explained…

 Citing in APA format
7. Citing websites
Websites are cited the same way as any other source,
using the author-date style if known. If there is no author,
the title and the date are cited as the in-text citation (for
long titles, the first few words are cited). For sources with
no date, “n.d.” (for no date) in place of the year is used.
Andrews, n.d.
a. In-text citation for website with no author
Bulacan has become a major link between large and
concentered consumer markets in the National Capital
Region (NCR) or Metro Manila and the resource-rich
provinces of the Northern Luzon (Provincial Government
of Bulacan, 2007)
 Citing in APA format
b. Reference entry for website with no author
Provincial Government of Bulacan. (2007). Retrieved
from http://www.bulacan.gov.ph/business/products.php
c. In-text citation fro section of website with no author
In addition, bamboo bike cannot be split in two
because of having so much fiber (“Philippine Bamboo
Bikes Hit”, 2012).
d. Reference entry for section of a website with no author
Philippine Bamboo Bikes Hit Market. (2012). Manila
Bulliten. Retrieved from
https://ph.news.yahoo.com/Philippine-bamboo-bikes-hit-
market-154958087.html
 Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature
1. Plagiarism
It is the act of claiming another’s work or copying portion
of someone else’s writing without proper citation.
2. Self-Plagiarism
It is when the researchers reuse their own work or data
in a ‘new’ written product without letting the readers know
that the manuscript already appeared in another literature.
3. Copyright
For researchers who want their papers to be published in
conventional journals, the usual agreement is for the
copyright of the researcher’s work to be transferred to the
publisher of that journal.
 RESEARCH IN ACTION
Make a 1 paragraph review of related
literature about your research topic and cite
the references using the APA format.