DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Data AND Database

 A collected information which is in an organized form for
easier access, management, and various updating is known
as a database.

 Data can be defined as a collection of facts and records on

which we can apply reasoning or can-do discussion or
some calculation.

 The data is always easily available and is in plenty. It can

be used for processing some useful information from it.
Also, it can be in redundant, can be irrelevant. Data can
exist in form of graphics, reports, tables, text, etc. that
represents every kind of information.
Database Management System
 A database management system (DBMS) refers to the
technology for creating and managing databases.

 DBMS is a software tool to organize (create, retrieve,

update, and manage) data in a database.

 The main aim of a DBMS is to supply a way to store up and

retrieve database information that is both convenient and
efficient. By data, we mean known facts that can be
recorded and that have embedded meaning.
 Database systems are meant to handle an extensive
collection of information.

 Management of data involves both defining structures for

storage of information and providing mechanisms that can
do the manipulation of those stored information.

 Moreover, the database system must ensure the safety of the

information stored, despite system crashes or attempts at
unauthorized access.
Paradigm Shift from File System to DBMS
 File System manages data using files in hard disk. Users are
allowed to create, delete, and update the files according to
their requirement.

 Let us consider the example of file based University

Management System. Data of students is available to their
respective Departments, Academics Section, Result Section,
Accounts Section, Hostel Office etc. Some of the data is
common for all sections like Roll No, Name, Father Name,
Address and Phone number of students but some data is
available to a particular section only like Hostel allotment
number which is a part of hostel office.
Let us discuss the issues with this system:

1. Data Redundancy
2. Inconsistency of Data
3. Data Atomicity
4. Difficult data access
5. Unauthorized Access
6. No Concurrent Access
7. No Backup and Recovery
8. Data Isolation
9. Integrity Problems
Components of DBMS
The components of the DBMS are as follows −

 DBA − The Data Base Administrator (DBA) responsibility

is to create the DBMS structure and have the ability to
control the structure.

 Application Programs − It is used to create the records,

change and update the records. It is mainly useful in
designing the interface.

 DML processor − Data Manipulation language, it is helpful

to update data, manipulate data based on user request,
checks according to syntax of SQL.
 DDL Processor − Data Definition language checks the
structure of the database. It checks the improper statements
and the syntax of statements according to the SQL.

 Data Dictionary − Store all the queries. Queries are

checked according to the SQL configuration, if the queries
are valid ok. Otherwise, it generates errors.

 IntegrityChecker − Here data is stored which is designed

by Database administrator. Check the primary or unique key.

 Authenticate control − Authenticate control checks

whether a user is valid or not.
 Command Processor − It processes the query ->SQL.

 Query optimizer − It updates the query, Reduces response

time at end.

 Transaction manager − Transaction manager, manage

changes in query.

 Scheduler − Send number of requests at a time, A queue is

formed according to time.

 Buffer manager − Buffer manager performs storage

management operation.
 Recoverymanager − Recovery manager recovers the data
from main memory and manages recovery files.

 Queryprocessor − Query processor processes the query

coming from the user side. Its responsibility is to manage
DML and DDL commands.
Components of DBMS
Applications of DBMS
There is a huge list of areas where DBMS is used, some of
them as listed below:

 Airlines: reservations, schedules, etc

 Telecom: calls made, customer details, network usage, etc
 Universities: registration, results, grades, etc
 Sales: products, purchases, customers, etc
 Banking: all transactions etc