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FIRST AMENDMENT DEFENSE ACT

REASON AND IMPARTIALITY IN THE
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REASON AND IMPARTIALITY IN THE FIRST AMENDMENT DEFENSE ACT
The so-called First Amendment Defense Act (FADA)

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was introduced in the United States Congress in June

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10, 2015 by Senator Mike Lee of Utah and House
Representative Raul Labrador of Ohio. This

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controversial bill, if passed into law, will protect

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people who will take actions against others on the
basis that they acted in accordance with a religious

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belief or moral conviction" from being penalized by

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the federal government
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REASON AND IMPARTIALITY IN THE FIRST AMENDMENT DEFENSE ACT

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Its scope will cover acts of discrimination

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committed against the third sex that are premised

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on the idea that: 1. Marriage is or should be
recognized as the union of one man and woman,

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or 2. Sexual relations are properly reserved to

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such a marriage (like the example above).

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TOPIC FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIFTH SIXTH SEVENTH
TO MORAL REASONING.
THE SEVEN-STEP GUIDE
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THE SEVEN-STEP GUIDE TO MORAL REASONING.

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It stands that in making moral decisions, it helps if one

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follows a distinct guideline According to American
philosopher Michael Davis (1999), who came up with

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this seven step guide, professionals and students alike

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exhibit stronger "moral reasoning skills" if they base
their actions and/or decisions on a codified list.

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What is unique about Davis' model is his emphasis on

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multiple alternatives in dealing with ethical dilemmas.
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TOPIC FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIFTH SIXTH SEVENTH
STATE THE PROBLEM
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STATE THE PROBLEM

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Determine the possible moral dilemmas at

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hand.

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Is there something about your judgment
and/or decision that makes you

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uncomfortable?

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Is there any conflict of interest present?

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TOPIC FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIFTH SIXTH SEVENTH
CHECK THE FACTS
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CHECK THE FACTS

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When we examine a scenario closely, what is

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initially identified as a problem or dilemma can

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surprisingly disappear. Some, on the other hand,
can be amplified or altered radically due to new

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details that might come to the light upon closer

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scrutiny.

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IDENTIFY THE RELEVANT
FACTORS
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IDENTIDY THE RELEVANT FACTORS

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Who are the people involved? What laws or

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professional codes can possibly apply? Are there

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practical constraints (e.g. You are a journalist
and you were given 5,000 pesos by a politician

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whom the article you are currently writing is

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about. Will the money create conflict of

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interest?)
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OPTIONS
DEVELOP A LIST OF
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DEVELOP A LIST OF OPTION

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Do you have a set of alternatives to the action or

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decision (in relation to a given scenario) in mind? Be
creative and develop a list of other choices Avoid the

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binarism of "yes or no questions in making moral

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decisions (such as "Should I do it or not?"). Identify

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people you can potentially approach who may provide
fresh perspectives on the situation you are confronted

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with.
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TEST THE OPTIONS
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TEST THE OPTIONS

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Michael Davis has included several tests that may
prove to be useful when one is weighing in on his/her

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choices and decisions:

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● Harm Test
● Publicity Test

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-Would less harm be done on other people when I

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favor this one decision over the others?

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- Would I be proud of this decision if it makes the
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evening news? Would I want my loved ones to know?

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TEST THE OPTIONS
● Defensibility Test

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-Would I be able to defend this decision before the

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court or a panel of reviewers without appearing self-

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serving?
●Reversibility Test- Would I still prefer my option of

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choice if it were to have some adverse effects on me

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instead of others? Would I still want it despite the

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implications?
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TEST THE OPTIONS

●Colleague Test- How would my

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profession's ethics committee see the

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option? What would they say?

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● Organization Test- What would my

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company's (or organization's) ethics

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officials and/or legal counsel say

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rgearding the option?
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TEST THE OPTIONS
●Virtue Test

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-What kind of person would also choose such an

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option? Is he/she who someone might consider as

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"virtuous"? What would become of me if I enact this

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option all the time?

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FIRST
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Come up with a choice or

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decision based on the above

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mentioned steps.

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Come up with a choice or decision based on the above mentioned steps.

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In this process you can now

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choose a decision .

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Review Steps 1-6.
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Notes

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I. State the problem
II. Check the fact

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III. Identify relevant factors.

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IV. Develop a list of options

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V. Test the options.

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VI. Come up with a choice or decision based on the
abovementioned steps.

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VII.Review Steps 1-6.

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