ETHICS AND ACCOUNTABILITY

IN SINGAPORE AND JAPAN

MIA DOMINIQUE VILLANUEVA

 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
SINGAPORE JAPAN PHILIPPINES

Capital City Singapore Tokyo Manila

Land Area 728.6 km² 377,975 km² 300,000 km²

Population (April 5,943,546 125,773,392  112,229,517

2022)
Language  Malay, Mandarin, Japanese dialects, Ainu, Filipino
Tamil and English. Amami, Kunigami,
Miyako, Okinawan,
Yaeyama, Yonaguni
Unemployment Rate 2.4% 2.6% 6.4%
(Jan 2022)
Government Type Unitary parliamentary Parliamentary Presidential Republic
republic Government with a
Constitutional
Monarchy
 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE JAPAN

EXECUTIVE:

Head of State Head of the Government

Head of State Head of the Government

President Prime Minister Emperor/ Monarch Prime Minister

Halimah Yacob Lee Hsien Loong Naruhito Fumio Kishida
BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT
 WORLD CORRUPTION INDEX

YEAR SINGAPORE PHILIPPINES JAPAN

2016 7 101 20

2017 6 111 20

2018 3 99 18

2019 4 113 20

2020 3 115 19

2021 4 117 18
 HOW SINGAPORE HANDLES PANDEMIC

•-THE GOVERNMENT COVERED COST OF TESTING AND

TREATMENT
•-ALL HEALTH CARE COSTS FOR SINGAPORE
RESIDENTS WITH CONFIRMED CASES OF COVID-19,
INCLUDING HOSPITALIZATION, ARE BORNE BY THE
GOVERNMENT.
•-TO RELIEVE THE FINANCIAL IMPACT OF QUARANTINE,
THE GOVERNMENT PROVIDES A DAILY SGD 100 ($75
US) ALLOWANCE TO SELF-EMPLOYED INDIVIDUALS.
FOR EMPLOYEES, QUARANTINE IS CLASSIFIED AS
PAID HOSPITALIZATION LEAVE.
•-THERE IS ONGOING ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN THE
PUBLIC AND LEADERS OF CIVIC SOCIETY
 HOW JAPAN HANDLE PANDEMIC
• GOVERNMENT RESPONSES
JAPAN HAS A HIGH STANDARD HEALTH CARE SYSTEM, WHICH COVERED THE MEDICAL
CARE FOR COVID-19 UNDER NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE WITH A HIGH QUALITY OF
MEDICAL CARE AND LOCAL HEALTH CENTERS EVEN IN RURAL AREAS.
AWARENESS PROGRAM WITH THREE CS
• THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OF JAPAN ASKED WITH THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF
AVOIDANCE OF 3CS.
• CLOSED SPACES
• CROWDED PLACES
• CLOSE-CONTACT SETTINGS. 
HIGH QUALITY HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
• THE COUNTRY COORDINATED HOTELS TO PREVENT THE HOSPITAL RUSH AND ASKED
THE NON-CRITICAL PATIENTS TO STAY AT HOME OR THE DESIGNATED HOTELS.
• THE GOVERNMENT ALSO IMPLEMENTED ROBOTS TO TAKE CARE OF PATIENTS IN
HOTELS AND HOSPITALS SO THAT PEOPLE CAN RESTRICT THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH
HUMANS. 
• THERE IS NO QUESTION THAT HIGH-QUALITY MEDICAL CARE, WHICH IS AVAILABLE TO
ALL JAPANESE PEOPLE THROUGH UNIVERSAL HEALTH INSURANCE, HELPS AVOID THE
SEVERITY OF ILLNESS.
Bloomberg COVID Resilience Ranking
(Reopening Progress) as of March 2022
 EXPLAINING SINGAPORE’S SUCCESS (ETHICS
AND ACCOUNTABILITY)
SECTION 1: PRAGMATIC LEADERSHIP OF LEE KUAN
YEW’S LEGACY

- SINGAPORE HAS ADOPTED A PRAGMATIC APPROACH

TO POLICY

- EDUCATING ITS POPULATION

•  
- MERITOCRACY WAS THE KEY TO SINGAPORE’S
SUCCESS BECAUSE THE “PRACTICE OF MERITOCRACY
IN THE CIVIL SERVICE, IN POLITICS, IN BUSINESS AND
IN SCHOOLS” ENABLED SINGAPOREANS “TO ACHIEVE
EXCELLENCE AND TO COMPETE AGAINST OTHERS”.
THE EMPHASIS ON MERITOCRACY AND TRAINING IN SINGAPORE’S PUBLIC BUREAUCRACY HAS RESULTED IN A HIGH LEVEL OF COMPETENCE OF THE PERSONNEL IN IMPLEMENTING
POLICIES.
 SECTION 2: SUSTAINING CLEAN GOVERNMENT
- THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CPIB (THE CORRUPT PRACTICES INVESTIGATION BUREAU)
- INSTILLED STIFF PENALTIES FOR CORRUPTION
- HIGH SALARIES PAID TO CIVIL SERVANTS
- CPIB WHOLLY INDEPENDENT FROM OTHER AGENCIES
- SINGAPORE UTILIZE MODERN INFORMATION SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY
- CPIB CREATED A COMPUTER FORENSICS UNIT
- PUBLIC TRUST IN POLITICIANS
SECTION 3: NURTURING THE BEST AND BRIGHTEST: EDUCATION AND COMPETITVE COMPENSATION

• EDUCATION IS THE KEY TO THE LONG-TERM FUTURE OF THE POPULATION IN SINGAPORE WHICH HAS
NO NATURAL RESOURCES.
• THE PAP GOVERNMENT VIEWS EDUCATION AS “A NATIONAL INVESTMENT”
• SINGAPORE ALSO SENT ITS BRIGHTEST STUDENTS TO ELITE UNIVERSITIES IN THE WEST.
• “THE ECONOMIC IMPERATIVE WAS THE DRIVING FORCE OF [SINGAPORE'S] EDUCATION POLICIES” FOR THE
THIRTY YEARS AFTER INDEPENDENCE
 JAPAN EDUCATION SYSTEM
• THE JAPANESE SCHOOL SYSTEM IS MODELLED AFTER THE SYSTEM IN THE UNITED
STATES. ITS BASIC STRUCTURE IS OUTLINED BELOW:
• 6 YEARS PRIMARY SCHOOL (SHOGAKKOU)
• 3 YEARS JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (CHUGAKKOU)
• 3 YEARS SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL (KOUTOUGAKKOU)
• 4 YEARS UNIVERSITY
 JAPAN EDUCATION SYSTEM

• JAPAN HAS PLACED A HIGH VALUE ON EDUCATION FOR MANY CENTURIES

• PUBLIC EDUCATION IS THE NORM IN JAPAN. THERE ARE ONLY A SMALL NUMBER OF
PRIVATE SCHOOLS AND MOST OF THESE ARE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOLS.
• EDUCATION IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF JAPAN’S NATIONAL
IDENTITY AND A SOURCE OF PRIDE FOR JAPANESE CITIZENS.
• THE COUNTRY’S HIGH-QUALITY EDUCATION SYSTEM HAS CONSISTENTLY WON
INTERNATIONAL PRAISE. 
JAPAN HAS BECOME A LEADING TECHNOLOGICAL POWER

• Japan’s fast infrastructure.

• Workforce automation
• Automation boosts wages and economic
growth
• Environmental problems solved with
technological advancements
 DIFFERENCES IN ETHICAL CULTURE
SINGAPORE PHILIPPINES JAPAN

Singaporean have a high trust The people tend not to speak out Sees public servant as servants
within their public servant and the and sometimes do not want to who should push forward the
government interfere in some governmental country.
issues.
Singaporean have a high level of Japanese are so disciplined and
confidence in state institutions. Education has a major flaws. organized
Corruption is very rampant Good followers of countries rules
Singaporean not afraid to speak The people tend to vote or and regulations.
their mind. Majority are educated. appreciate celebrities into politics. Japanese are not afraid to speak
their mind
THANK YOU!!