Non-Mendelian Patterns of

Inheritance
Module 3
RECALL THE KEY CONCEPTS:
RECALL THE KEY CONCEPTS:

An Austrian monk,
carried out the first
important studies
on heredity (1800s)
RECALL THE KEY CONCEPTS:

What is
heredity?
RECALL THE KEY CONCEPTS:

• WHAT IS
PUNNETT
SQUARE?
RECALL THE KEY CONCEPTS:
• Punnett Square- the
method by which one
can determine the
possible genotypes and
phenotypes when two
parents are crossed.
RECALL THE KEY CONCEPTS:

•Differentiate phenotype
from genotype
RECALL THE KEY CONCEPTS:

•Differentiate dominant
from recessive
RECALL THE KEY CONCEPTS:
We can simply say:
Dominant- the trait that always shows up
in the organism whenever it is present.
Recessive- the trait that is masked, or
covered up whenever the dominant allele
is present.
Let’s start…
 DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF
NON-MENDALIAN INHERITANCE
 NON-MENDELIAN INHERITANCE

A Mendelian Pattern of inheritance refers to reproducing organisms sexually (each parent gives one of two possible
alleles for a trait). However, Non-Mendelian Inheritance is any pattern of inheritance wherein traits do not segregate
following Mendel’s law. These laws describe the inheritance of traits linked to single genes on chromosomes in the nucleus.
Four o’-clock flower
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
Snapdragon flower is an example of this
pattern of inheritance in which both
alleles are present resulting in an
intermediate phenotype.

A cross between a homozygous red-

flowered plant (FRFR) and a homozygous
white flower (FWFW) will produce
offspring with pink flowers (FRFW) as
shown in the F1 generation.
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

In Incomplete dominance, a heterozygote

shows a phenotype that is intermediate
between the two homozygous phenotypes.
Neither allele is dominant over the other.
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
In incomplete dominance, it is only
the phenotype that is
intermediate. Th red and white
alleles remain separate and
distinct. Half the gametes of the
four o’clock carry the allele for red
and half carry the allele for white.
Therefore, the genotypic ratio also
becomes phenotypic ratio.
Remember…
•Incomplete Dominance is a form of
intermediate inheritance in which one allele
for a specific trait is not completely
dominant over the other allele. This results
in a third phenotype in which the expressed
physical trait is a combination of the
dominant and recessive phenotypes.
Give other examples of incomplete
dominance
Any question so far?
What can you say about the phenotype of
the offspring?
CODOMINANCE
CODOMINANCE
• Is a heterozygote condition wherein both traits are present
simultaneously, rather than one fully determining the
phenotype. A speckled chicken is a good example of
codominance.
• A cross between black and white chicken will produce
chicken with both black and white feathers. The alleles for
black feathers in some varieties of chicken is codominant
with the allele for white feathers.
Mystery Bull
• Mang Marcelino owns purebred red cows. In his farm he
noticed that after a typhoon several months ago, all of the
fences that separate his cattle from his neighbor’s cattle were
destroyed. During the time that the fences were down, three
bulls, one from each neighbor, mingled with his cows. For a
while, he thought that none of the bulls found his cows, but
over the months, he noticed that all the cows are pregnant. He
suspected that one of the bulls is the father. Which bull is it?
Help Mang Marcelino look for the father by solving the given
problem.
Mystery Bull
1. Determine the possible traits of the calves if:
• A red (RR) bull is mated with a red (RR) cow 1
• A red (RR) bull is mated with a white (WW) cow 2
• A roan (RW) is mated with a red (RR) cow 3

• Illustrate your answer using Punnett square.

CODOMINANCE
• In codominance, both alleles are expressed equally in the
phenotype of the heterozygote. For Example, red cows
crossed with white cows will have offspring that are roan
cows. Roan refers to cows with red and white blotches.

• Can you give other examples of codominance?

CODOMINA
NCE
• Another example that shows how co-dominance
pattern of inheritance is determined by genes is in the
blood typing in humans. An antigen is a protein-
bound to a sugar molecule found on the surface of
our red blood cells. A pair of alleles (IA and IB) which
controls one group of antigens, help in determining
the blood types of an individual.
HUMAN BLOOD TYPES
Phenotype A B AB O
Genotype IA IA or IB IB or IA ii
(Allelic IA i IB i IB
Combination)
Can receive blood O, A O, B A, B, AB, and O O
from: (universal
recipient)
Can donate blood AB, A AB, B A A, B, AB, and O
to: B (universal donor)
MULTIPLE
ALLELES
• ABO Blood Types
• A single gene that has
more than 2 alleles is
called multiple alleles.
The ABO blood groups in
humans as an example
of a gene that has
multiple alleles is the
one that controls the
inheritance.
KEY CONCEPTS:
•In humans, there are four blood types
(phenotypes) A, B, AB, O.
•Blood type is controlled by 3 alleles: A, B,O.
•O is recessive, two O alleles must be present for
a person to have a type O Blood.
•A and B are codominant. If a person receives an
A allele and a B allele, their blood type is AB.
SEX CHROMOSOMES AND SEX
DETERMINATION
• Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell.
Observation of the human body cells shows 23 pairs
of chromosomes both males and females. Twenty two
pairs are somatic chromosomes. The 23rd pair consists
of sex chromosomes. Males have 44 body
chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes X and Y.
Females have 44 body chromosomes and 2 sex
chromosomes both X.
SEX-RELATED INHERITANCE
• Most of the time, more men in comparison to women
are bald while lactation or milk production is common
in women but certainly not in men. These are
inherited characteristics determined by sex. The
following are the three kinds of sex-related
inheritance namely, sex-limited, sex-influenced, and
sex-linked.
1. SEX-LINKED GENES
•-are genes found either on X or Y
chromosomes which are inherited
differences among male and a female. Sex-
linked traits determined by an X-linked gene
when an X chromosome takes control. On
the other hand, the so-called Y-linked genes
are those located on the Y chromosome.
2. SEX-LIMITED TRAIT

•Those traits limited to only one sex.

•Ex. Lactation

•What else are the other examples?

3. SEX-INFLUENCED TRAITS

•Autosomal traits that are expressed in

both sexes but more frequently in one
than in the other sex.

•Ex. Pattern baldness