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WHAT IS CRIMINOLOGY?
 Criminology: The interdisciplinary
science that gathers and analyzes data on
crime and criminal behavior.
 Criminology is the scientific study of
crime and criminal behavior.

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WHAT IS CRIMINOLOGY?

Criminology explains
the origin, extent, and
nature of crime in
society
WHAT IS CRIMINOLOGY?
• Criminology and Deviance
– Deviant behavior departs from social norms
– Not all crimes are deviant and not all deviant acts
are criminal
– Criminologists study both criminology and
deviance to understand the nature and purpose of
law (I.E. drug use)
SOME QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER…
• Why does every society have deviance?
• Why does every society have crime?

• How does who and what are defined as

deviant reflect social inequality?

• How does the Criminal Justice System

reflect societal influence? 3
CRIME AND DEVIANCE
• "Deviance" is a wide-ranging term used by
sociologists to refer to behavior that varies, in
some way, from a social norm.
• In this respect, it is evident that the concept of
deviance refers to some form of "rule-
breaking" behavior.

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• DEVIANCE
– The recognized violation of cultural norms

• CRIME
– The violation of a society’s formally enacted
criminal law

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“THE RULES”
• In relation to deviance, therefore, the concept
relates to all forms of rule-breaking…
– (whether this involves such things as murder, theft or
arson - the breaking of formal social rules - or such
things as wearing inappropriate clothing for a given
social situation, failing to produce homework at
school or being cheeky to a parent, teacher and so
forth - more-or-less the breaking of relatively informal
social rules).
• As a general rule, we can say that there is a
distinction between crime and deviance in
terms of:
– "Allofcrime
forms is, byare
deviance definition, deviant behavior, but not
criminal". 6
all
WHAT IS CRIME?

• A crime is an act
– committed in violation
of a law forbidding it
(e.g. theft, arson)

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 WHAT IS CRIME?
• It it’s simplest definition, crime is any specific
act prohibited by law for which society has
provided a formally sanctioned punishment.

– This can include the failure of a person to perform

an act specifically required by law.

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 CRIME
A person must violate the criminal law. Criminal law
comes from three sources
1. State constitutions
2. Statutes
3. Court decisions
 STATUTORY LAW

Law created or defined in a written

enactment by the legislative body, as
opposed to case law
COMMON LAW
Common
 WHO IS CRIMINAL

The person who disobey the

law is called criminal.
 THE LEGAL DEFINITION OF CRIME

Crime is an intentional act or omission in

violation of criminal law (statutory and
case law), committed without defense or
justification and sanctioned by the state
as a felony
‫ن‬ or misdemeanor.‫است یطرف‬ ‫ری ک‬
‫ش‬ ‫س ے ج رمی ا ب دک ک‬
‫اری ے طور پ ر م ظ ور دہ۔‬
 AN ACT OR OMISSION

A person may not be pubished for his or

thoughts; action mst be taken. In some
casses words may be considered acts as in
‫غ‬
treason,‫ د اری‬or in assisting another to
commit a crime.
GENERAL REQUIREMENT OF
CULPABILITY
THE MODEL PENAL CODE
 1. MINIMUM REQUIREMENT OF CULPABILITY (CRIME)

A person is not guilty of an offense unless he

acted purposely, knowingly, recklessly or
negligently, as the law may require with
respect to each material element of the
offense.
2. KINDS OF CULPABILITY DEFINED

d)
a) b) c)
Negligentl
Purposely Knowingly Recklessly
y