UNIT III-ELEMENTS AND

TYPOLOGIES OF THE
COMMUNITY

LESSON 1: SOCIETAL STRUCTURES

SOCIAL STATUS AND ROLES
•Social status is all about the dynamic of
individual identity relative to its social
environment.
•This interaction between the self and
the community equates to individual's
stature in said setting.
ROLE
•is a set of defined and expected behavior or norms
that is ascribed to certain social status.
•We are perceived by others around us as more than
just another pile of flesh and bone but as an
individual that his or her own unique social persona.
•This perceived notion of identity is carried about and
reinforced or even altered by how we play our roles.
ROLE
•This choice whether to pursue, reinforce, or
completely alter status defines the individual
in that community.
•If a person acts against the will or laws of a
collective, he or she risks losing the benefits,
rights, and networks that the community
grants to its members.
THEORETICAL
PERSPECTIVES
FUNCTIONALISM
•There is also conceptual difference between looking
into individuals and studying groups of people or
communities.
•There is what he calls a collective consciousness that
exists within these groups of people.
•These recognized patterns of behavior are an
indication of social integration among members of the
group.
FUNCTIONALISM
•The communal behavior that exists within these
groups compounds and works together as a
harmonized entity that embodies the perspective of
functionalism.
•For a functionalist, society is like a machine that has
individual parts where each part has functions and
roles that then contribute to the bigger picture of
society.
 FUNCTIONALISM
•The communal behavior that exists within these groups
compounds and works together as a harmonized entity
that embodies the perspective of functionalism.
•For a functionalist, society is like a machine that has
individual parts where each part has functions and roles
that then contribute to the bigger picture of society.
•Each part both directly and indirectly influences the total
function of the machine, depending on how they play
their part in the grander scheme of things.
 CONFLICT THEORY
• This perspective was created by Karl Marx, the famous
author of Das Kapital and one of the fathers of
communism.
• Central to Marx's analysis of our society is how he sees that
almost everything starts with economics.
• Marx proposes that there is a class conflict from the haves
and have-nots. In his writings, he called out the struggle of
the proletariat or the working class from the bourgeoisie or
the owners of trade or means of production.
 CONFLICT THEORY
•The "working class" is the workers that toil to
earn their wages.
•Marx uses the term for industrial workers which,
during his time, were the only means for an
individual to earn within the capitalist structure.
•Marx considers the bourgeoisie as the primary
enemy of the people due to the exploitation
that is inherent in the system.
CONFLICT THEORY
•There is alienation when the
workers are taken out from
their ownership and the
means of production.
 Examples:
• Alienation from production — A worker simply does
not directly gain from the good or service produced
• Alienation from process — A worker does not control
his or her time nor his or her way of doing things
• Alienation from others — A worker is judged based on
the performance of others which creates
unwarranted competition from his or her peers
• Alienation from the self A worker is seen as just
another worker in the factory line
CONFLICT THEORY
•This type of relation between
the upper class and the lower
class creates an antagonistic
relationship, or between a
thesis and an anti-thesis.
 CONFLICT THEORY
•There is synthesis between that two
if it results from the compromise
that may arise from the conflict.
•This synthesis gives rise to another
layer of society that will maintain its
importance until another discontent
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
•A society and its core
characteristics are, in itself, a
product of the ongoing consensus
held by the members of the
commune.
 SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
•Symbolic interactionism takes itself
away from the other theories and
perspectives as it does not look into
primary social institution: as the main
variable of study but rather looks into
individuals, their histories, and their
perspectives.
 SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
•According to twentieth-century American
philosopher George Herbert Mead,
•Individuals see things differently and their view
depends on their own meaning derived from
their experiences, interaction from people, and
the learnings they gain from the amalgamated
experiences through a course of time.
 Mead's theory of symbolic interactionism
can be summed up in three main points:
•Meaning can be different from each person

depending on his or her history, knowledge, and

ongoing experience.
•The meaning, in itself, can change and will inevitably

change.
•Action or reaction may be different depending on

how the person sees the meaning.

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
•Symbolic interactionism
concentrates on the individual and
the interactions that create the
meanings that are shared,
reinforced, and debunked constantly
by people.
 SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
•No meaning, in itself, is safe by any means.
•A word may actually be different from one
person to the next since each person has a
different set of beliefs and worldviews thit
contribute to his or her current
understanding of the various meanings
around him or her.
 SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
•Understanding people, not just through
the collective but also toward individual
interactions, shows a more complex
narrative of people under a commune.
•The people are the integral creators of
meaning that alter the social fabric.
 SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
•Understanding people, not just through
the collective but also toward individual
interactions, shows a more complex
narrative of people under a commune.
•The people are the integral creators of
meaning that alter the social fabric.
 SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
•Accountability in this perspective is given
to the people, not the institutions.
•Individuals are not merely victims of their
environment but are actually enablers
and reinforcers of the status quo.
 SOCIAL STRUCTURES
•Society is composed of various intermingling structures
that continually make interactions, thus creating
meanings that center on people
•The structures created make up a set of values that stem
from the collective consciousness of individuals.
•This goes to show that society in itself is a social
construction or an idea that we have conjured up as a
community and believe to be true, thus creating a
pattern which we a—ree upon and reinforce daily.
 POLITICAL STRUCTURES
•Politics has already been established as one of the
main cogs that have influence over institutions.
•Politics is about power, governance,
administration, and decision-making.
•A political structure is defined not just by the
government, but also by groups, other
institutions, pressure groups, social movements,
and people as parts of the political landscape.
POLITICAL STRUCTURES
•The interactions between the
political system and other actors
result in policy recommendations
and adjustments that have direct
implications in our lives.
HERE IS SOME BASIC INFORMATION THAT YOU HAVE
TO REMEMBER ON THE BARANGAY ACCORDING TO
THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES.
 CHAPTER 1. ROLE AND CREATION OF
THE BARANGAY
•As the basic political unit, the barangay serves as
the primary planning and implementing unit of
government policies, plans, programs, projects,
and activities in the community, and as a forum
wherein the collective views of the people may
be expressed, crystallized and considered, and
where disputes may be amicably settled.
 CHAPTER 1. ROLE AND CREATION OF THE BARANGAY
SECTION 384. Role of the Barangay
•As the basic political unit, the barangay serves as
the primary planning and implementing unit of
government policies, plans, programs, projects,
and activities in the community, and as a forum
wherein the collective views of the people may
be expressed, crystallized and considered, and
where disputes may be amicably settled.
 SECTION 385. Manner of Creation
•A barangay may be created, divided, merged, abolished, or its
boundary substantially altered, by law or by an ordinance of the
Sangguniang Panlalawigan or Sangguniang Panlungsod, subject
to approval by a majority of the votes cast in a plebiscite to be
conducted by the COMELEC in the local government unit or
units directly affected within such period of time as may be
determined by the law or ordinance creating said Barangay. In
the case of the creation of Barangays by the Sangguniang
Panlalawigan, the recommendation of the Sangguniang Bayan
concerned shall be necessary.
 SECTION 386. Requisites for Creation
•a.A barangay may be created out of a contiguous
territory which has a population of at least two
thousand (2,000) inhabitants as certified by the National
Statistics Office except in cities and municipalities within
Metro Manila and other metropolitan political
subdivisions or in highly urbanized cities where such
territory shall have a certified population of at least five
thousand (5,000) inhabitants
 CHAPTER 2. Barangay Officials and Offices
• a. There shall be in each barangay a Punong Barangay, seven (7)
Sangguniang Barangay members, the Sangguniang Kabataan
chairman, a Barangay Secretary, and a Barangay treasurer.
• b. There shall also be in every barangay a Lupong Tagapamayapa.
The Sangguniang Barangay may form community brigades and
create such other positions or offices as may be deemed necessary to
carry out the purposes of the barangay government in accordance
with the needs of public service, subject to the budgetary limitations
on personal services prescribed under Title Five, Book Il of this Code.
 SECTION 388. Persons in Authority
•For purposes of the Revised Penal Code, the
Punong Barangay, Sangguniang Barangcy
members, and members of the Lupong
Tagapamayapa in each barangay shall be
deemed persons in authority in their
jurisdictions
 ECONOMIC STRUCTURES
•Market structure is the interconnected characteristics of
a market, such as the number and relative strength of
buyers and sellers, degree of freedom in determining the
price, level and forms of competition, extent of product
differentiation and ease of entry into and exit from the
market
• The types of market structures include- Perfect
Competition, Monopoly, Monopolistic
Competition, Oligopoly, Duopoly.
• Market structure is best defined as the organizational
and other characteristics of a market.
PERFECT COMPETITION
1. All firms sell an identical product.
2. All firms are price takers.
3. All firms have a relatively small market share.
4. Buyers know the nature of the product being sold and
the prices charged by each firm.
5. The industry is characterized by freedom of entry and
exit.
 PERFECT COMPETITION

Potatoes are sold in markets where all vendors

sell homogenous products at homogeneous
prices. •
Example- Potato is sold at markets etc. where
all vendors sell homogenous products, i.e.
potato.
 MONOPOLY
A Monopoly is a market structure in which
there is only one producer/seller for a
product. In other words, the single business is
the industry.
• Entry into such a market is restricted due to
high costs or other impediments, which may
be economic, social or political.
 MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION
Monopolistic competition is a type of imperfect competition
such that one or two producers sell products that are
differentiated from one another as goods but not perfect
substitutes (such as from branding, quality, or location).
• In monopolistic competition, a firm takes the prices charged
by its rivals as given and ignores the impact of its own prices on
the prices of other firms.
• Consumers may like some special thing in the particular brand.
 OLIGOPOLY
• It is a situation in which a particular market is controlled by a
small group of firms.
• An oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is
dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists). Because
there are few sellers, each oligopolist is likely to be aware of the
actions of the others.
• The decisions of one firm influence, and are influenced by, the
decisions of other firms.
 OLIGOPOLY
• It is a situation in which a particular market is controlled by a
small group of firms.
• An oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is
dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists). Because
there are few sellers, each oligopolist is likely to be aware of the
actions of the others.
• The decisions of one firm influence, and are influenced by, the
decisions of other firms.
SOCIOCULTURAL
STRUCTURES
SOCIOCULTURAL STRUCTURES

•POLITICAL TRENDS
•CULUTURAL TRENDS
•ECONOMIC TREND
•TECHONOLOGICAL TREND
ENVIROMENTAL STRUCTURES
•DISASTER RISK REDUCTIONS
 LESSON 2
SOCIETAL DYNAMIC AND PROCESSES
Social exchange and Rationale Choice