Lesson 3:

QUANTITATIVE DATA
ANALYSIS METHODS
The two most commonly used
quantitative data analysis methods are descriptive statistics
and inferential statistics.
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
TYPES OF Is a statistical procedure concerned with
STATISTICS: describing the characteristics and
properties of a group of persons, places, or
things.
TYPES OF STATISTICS:
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
It is concerned with the methods
of collecting, organizing, and
presenting data appropriately and
creatively to describe or assess
group characteristics.
 Descriptive Statistics
JAN FEB MAR
• Example:
Is the rate of COVID- 19 cases in the
municipality of Tuguegarao decreasing or not?
TUGUEGARAO 18 19 25
CITY

Descriptive Statistics. COVID-19 cases in a

municipality are usually recorded, hence the tuguegarao
total by month, or quarter or annual frequency 45
may be obtained, graphed or put in a table. 40
35
There is no need to use inferential statistics to 30
25

make a conclusion here since all the figures are 20

15
10
known. 5
0
January Febuary March April

tuguegarao
Descriptive Statistics
• Univariate statistics
Univariate analysis involves the examination
across cases of one variable at a time.
There are three major characteristics of a single
variable that we tend to look at:

the distribution
the central tendency
the dispersion
 • Frequency distribution
Descriptive The simplest way to describe numerical data
is through the use of frequency distribution.
Statistics This is done by computing the percentage
frequency distribution of the variable with the
total number of respondents.
Example:
• Consider the following test scores of 50 students in a
50- item test in Statistics.
Descriptive Statistics
• Central Tendency
• The central tendency of a distribution is
an estimate of the “center” of a
distribution of values. There are three
major types of estimates of central
tendency:
• Mean
• Median
• Mode
 Mean- or average is probably the
most commonly used method of
describing central tendency.

Descriptive 15, 20, 21, 20, 36, 15, 25,

Statistics 15

The sum of these 8 values is 167,

so the mean is 167/8 = 20.875.
 Median- is the score found at the
exact middle of the set of values

Descriptive 15, 15, 15, 20, 20, 21, 25, 36

Statistics
There are 8 scores and score #4 and #5 represent the
halfway point. Since both of these scores are 20, the
median is 20. If the two middle scores had different
values, you would have to interpolate to determine the
median.
 Mode- is the most frequently
occurring value in the set of scores.

Descriptive 15, 15, 15, 20, 20, 21, 25, 36

Statistics

in our example, the value 15 occurs

three times and is the model.
 Descriptive
Statistics
• Dispersion
• refers to the spread of the
values around the central
tendency.
• There are two common
measures of dispersion,
the range and the
standard deviation.
Descriptive Statistics
• Dispersion(RANGE)
• range is simply the highest value minus the lowest value. In our example
distribution, the high value is 36 and the low is 15, so the range is 36 - 15 = 21.he
 Descriptive Statistics
• Dispersion(STANDARD
DEVIATION)
• Standard Deviation is a more
accurate and detailed estimate of
dispersion because an outlier can
greatly exaggerate the range.
• The standard deviation is the average
amount of variability in your data
set. It tells you, on average, how far
each score lies from the mean.
Descriptive Statistics
• Dispersion(STANDARD DEVIATION)
Descriptive Statistics
• Bivariate statistics
Allow researcher to analyze two
variables together.
Describes the relationship between two
variables.
Common statistical tool:
Spearman rank correlation
Pearson correlation
Linear regression
Descriptive Statistics
• Bivariate statistics (SPEARMAN RANK
CORRELATION)
is a technique which can be used to summarise the strength and
direction (negative or positive) of a relationship between two
variables.
 Descriptive
Statistics
• Bivariate statistics
(PEARSON
CORRELATION)
is the test statistics that
measures the statistical
relationship, or association,
between two continuous
variables.
It gives information about the
magnitude of the association,
or correlation, as well as the
direction of the relationship.
 • Bivariate statistics (LINEAR REGRESSION)

Descriptive  is the next step up after correlation. It is used when we want to predict
the value of a variable based on the value of another variable.
Statistics  The variable we want to predict is called the dependent variable (or
sometimes, the outcome variable).
 TYPES OF
STATISTICS:
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
is a statistical procedure that is
used to draw inferences or
information about the properties
or characteristics by a large group
of people, places, or things on the
basis of the information obtained
from a small portion of a large
group.
 Inferential Statistics
• Example:
Hypothesis: An ecologist says that the fish in a certain pond has 400
units of mercury on the average.

Inferential Statistics. It is not practical to catch all the fish in the pond
and kill them to measure their mercury content. Instead, the ecologist
should take a sample of fish and test them for mercury content.
Hence, inferential statistics is needed to be able to conclude on
whether the fish in that pond contains an average of 400 units of
mercury or not.
 Inferential Statistics
• Example:
Problem: A pollster would like to predict the mayoralty winner of a
certain municipality. However, he has budget for a quick survey for
only 25 out of the 100 barangays of that municipality.

Inferential Statistic. Based on the statement above only 25 barangays

are involved in the survey to make a prediction on the mayoralty
winner.
 Types of Inferential Statistics:
 Parametric- used when the researcher can assume that the population values are
normally distributed, variances are equal, and data are interval or ratio in scale.
Inferential • T-tests
• ANOVA
Statistics • Multiple regression
• ANCOVA
 Non-parametric-
• Chi-square
STATISTICAL TOOL WHAT IS IT USED FOR?

T-test
Inferential Statistics
• The most common statistical procedure for determining the level of
significance when two means are compared.
• A t-test may also be used when a researcher wants to show that a
correlation coefficient is significantly different from 0 (which would
indicate no correlation)
Analysis of Variance • Analysis of variance allows a researcher to examine differences in
(ANOVA) all population means simultaneously rather than conducting a series
of t-tests.
• It uses variances (rather than means) of groups to calculate a value
that reflects the degree of differences in the means
Chi-square • Nonparametric procedure used when data are in nominal form
• It is a way of answering questions about relationship based on
frequencies of observations in categories
• Two groups and two treatments or multiple groups and multiple
treatments