BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

EiTEX
Design of Experiments and Analytical techniques
Assignment-1
Design of Experiment Approach to Optimize
Hydrophobic Fabric Treatments
Prepared By: Tewodros Birhan
MSc. in Textile Technology

Submitted to: Million A. (Asst. Prof.)

Feb, 2023
 CONTENTS

o Introduction o The Hypothesis

o Objective o Evaluate the analytical
o Selection of response and techniques used
factors o How Effective was the

o Choice of factor levels research model ?

o Selection of the experimental o Statistical significance and

design Practical significance
o Redesign the work ( ? )
 INTRODUCTION
 Hydrophobic finishing of textile materials is one of the
most important processes in the textile industry.
 Excellent finished compounds repel water, oil and dry
dirt which is extremely important in clothing, sports,
military, medical and technical textiles.
 Today perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS’s) are widely
used in almost all staining repellent finishes since
those are the only chemicals capable of simultaneously
repelling water, oil, dirt and all other staining
compounds.
 PFAS are man-made chemicals that have been used in
industry for water-repellent clothing.
 Hydrophobic Fabric Treatment
 Water repellent finishes work by lowering the free
energy at fiber surfaces.
 If the adhesive interactions between a fiber and a drop
of liquid placed on the fiber are greater than the
internal cohesive interaction within the liquid, the
drop will spread.
 If the adhesive interactions between the fiber and the
liquid are less than the internal cohesive interactions
within the liquid, the drop will not spread. 
 Surfaces that exhibit low interactions with liquids are
referred to as low energy surfaces.

Water Repellent Water Proofing

 Objective

To optimize the hydrophobic properties of

military garments while preserving the wear
comfort of the materials.
 Selection of response and factors

Response / Dependant Factors / Independent

Variables Variables
1) Resistance to water 1) The weight of military fabric
wetting 2) Concentration of the dye
2) Water vapour 3) Temperature
permeability 4) Pressure
5) Type of hydrophobic
compounds
6) Concentration of hydrophobic
compounds
 Choice of factor levels
1) The weight of the fabric (ranging from 190 to 240 g/m2)

2) Concentration of the dye (10 to 60 g/L)

3) Temperature (from 150 to 170 ◦C)

4) Pressure (from 1.0 to 2.0 bar)

5) Type of hydrophobic compounds (Tubiquard SCS-F[six carbon

atoms] and Sevophob HFK–F [eight carbon atoms])

6) Concentration of hydrophobic compounds (35 to 70 g/L)

 Selection of The Experimental Design
 The Authors’ used a Central Composite Design (CCD) to
model and analyse six independent variables and two
dependent variables.
 Design Expert software 11 was used to statistically analyse.
 
 It is not simple and inappropriate model for optimizing the
hydrophobic military fabric treatment using Central
Composite Design on the basis of six independent and two
dependent variables.
In Central Composite Design
The number of experiments tends to be
2K + Center point + axial point
 However, the authors’ overlooked an important factor: time.
 Cont…
 Only 42 of the tests were carried out by the
authors’.
 But, the total experiment in Central Composite
Design is

2K + Center point + axial point

26 + 12 + 12
= 88

 Each factor is not at five levels.

(-alpha & +alpha)
 The Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis Ho
 The weight of the military fabric has no effect on water
vapour permeability and Resistance to Water Wetting.
 Concentration of the dye has no effect on water vapour
permeability and Resistance to Water Wetting.
 Type of hydrophobic agents has no effect on water vapour
permeability and Resistance to Water Wetting.
 Concentration of hydrophobic agents has no effect on
water vapour permeability and Resistance to Water Wetting.
 Temperature has no effect on water vapour permeability
and Resistance to Water Wetting.
 Pressure has no effect on water vapour permeability and
Resistance to Water Wetting.
 Alternate Hypothesis Ha
 Concentration of the dye has an increasing effect on water
vapour permeability and Resistance to Water Wetting
 Temperature increases the permeability of water vapour
while decreasing the resistance to water wetting
 Pressure increases water vapour permeability and resistance
to water wetting
 The nature (type) of hydrophobic compounds influences
water vapour permeability and water wetting resistance.
 The concentration of hydrophobic compound has an
increasing effect on water vapour permeability and water
wetting resistance
 Water vapour permeability and resistance to water wetting
are affected by the weight of the military fabric.
 Evaluate the Analytical
Techniques used
 The ANOVA was carried out to establish the significance of
different parameters/factors/ for the quadratic model.
 The quadratic model for the water vapour permeability interms
of coded factors is presented
Water Repellency = 87.41 − 1.19 × A + 0.12 × B + 0.49 × C +
4.02 × D − 0.20 × E − 9.87 × F + 0.15 × AB + 0.33 × AC + 3.81 ×
AD − 3.96 × AE − 2.23 × AF − 1.64 × BC − 6.21 × BD − 0.012 ×
BE + 3.56 × BF − 0.34 × CD − 1.21 × CE + 0.048 × CF − 0.91 ×
DE + 2.89 × DF + 0.49 × EF + 3.07 × B2 − 4.85 × C2 − 1.14 × D2 +
0.64 × E2
where coded parameters are :
A - Fabric weight, B - Dye concentration,
C - Hydrophobic concentration, D - Temperature,
E - Pressure and F - Type of Hydrophobic compound.
For all factors to be significant their
P- Values < 0.05
3D-Plot
Effects of process parameters on response water vapour permeability

A – Fabric Weight
B – Dye Concentration
C – Hydrophobic Concentration
D – Temperature
E – Pressure
F – Type of Hydrophobic
Compound
 Cont…
 The authors’ doesn't show clearly the following :

a) The Anova Report

 P-Value
Model Significant  F-Value
Lack of Fit

R2
b) Fit Statistics
R2 Adjusted
R2 Predicted
c) The Regression Analysis
 Problems

The authors’ should not consider the following Problems.

Multicollinearity problem (X1 with X2)

Simultaneity problem (Y with X)

Endogeneity problem (X with

VIF < 10
 How effective was
the research model ?
• The coefficient of
determination R² is a number
between 0 and 1 that
measures how well a
statistical model explains an
outcome.

• The value of correlation

coefficient, R2 was found to
be low (not close to unity)
which confirms the
inaccuracy of the model. The model is ineffective
Scattering Effect
 Redesigned the Work
 Taguchi Design is best for the modelling of
seven independent variables and two dependent
variables. Wetting Time
Because of the following reason:
 The primary goal of optimization is to maximize
efficiency while minimizing the amount of resources,
time, and money spent on the process.
 Each variable affects the response independently
 Each variable is dependent on its level
 It uses mixed level in a single experiment
 One is numerical & the other is categorical
 One factor with mixed level
 It gives a percentage proportion to all the factors
 Selection of response and factors

Response / Dependant Factors / Independent

Variables Variables
1) Resistance to water 1) The weight of fabric
wetting 2) Concentration of the dye
3) Temperature
2) Water vapour
4) Pressure
permeability
5) Type of hydrophobic compounds
6) Concentration of hydrophobic
compound
7) Wetting Time
 Choice of factor levels
1) The weight of fabric (ranging from 190 to 240 g/m2)

2) Concentration of dye (10 to 60 g/L)

3) Temperature (from 150 to 170 ◦C)

4) Pressure (from 1.0 to 2.0 bar)

5) Type of hydrophobic compounds (Tubiquard SCS-F[six

carbon atoms] and Sevophob HFK–F [eight carbon atoms])

6) Concentration of hydrophobic compounds (35 to 70 g/L)

7) Time (from 5sec to 15sec)

 Using
Minitab statistical software
 References
1. Sayed, U.; Dabhi, P. Finishing of textiles with fluorocarbons. In The Textile Institute
Book Series Waterproof and Water Repellent Textiles and Clothing, Chapter 6; Williams,
J., Ed.; Mahendra Publications; Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK; Sawston, UK,
2014; pp. 139–153
2. Rezi´c, I.; Krsti´c, D.; Boki´c, L. Ultrasonic extraction of resins from an historical
textile. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2008, 15, 21–24.
3. Schindler, W.; Hauser, P. Chemical Finishing of Textiles; Woodhead Publishing Ltd.:
Boca Raton, FL, USA; Cambridge, UK, 2004; pp. 74–91.
4. Kissa, E.; Lewin, M.; Sello, S. Handbook of Fiber Science and Technology, Chemical
Processing of Fibers and Fabrics, Part B Functional Finishes; Marcel Dekker: New York,
NY, USA, 1984; Volume 2, p. 143.
5. Lu, D.; Sha, S.; Luo, J.; Huang, Z.; Zhang Jackie, X. Treatment train approaches for the
remediation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances PFAS: A. critical review. J. Hazard.
Mater. 2020, 386, 121963.
6. Zahid, M.; Heredia-Guerrero, J.A.; Athanassiou, A.; Bayer, I.S. Robust water repellent
treatment for woven cotton fabrics with eco-friendly polymers. Chem. Eng. J. 2017, 319,
321–332.
7. Mukhopadhyay, A.; Midha, V.K. A Review on Designing the Waterproof Breathable
Fabrics Part I: Fundamental Principles and Designing Aspects of Breathable Fabrics. J. Ind.
Text. 2008, 37, 225–262.
 Than
k You
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