EEN-316

INSTURMENTATION AND
MEASUREMENTS

Department of Electrical Engineering, BUIC

Definition of Energy
 Energy is defined as the capacity for doing work.
 Energy is measured in the same units as work.
Definition of Power
 Power is the time rate of doing work

 If a certain amount of work W is to be done in a

time t, power required is:
 Power= work/time
 P=W/t
 The SI Unit of Power is Watt (W)
Watt Definition
 Power developed when 1 joule of work is done in 1
second.

 For P=W/t, P is in watts, When W is in joules and t

is in seconds.
SI Electrical Units
Units of Current and Charge
 Electric Current is flow of charge carriers.

 So current could be defined as a quantity of

electricity passing a given point in a conductor
during a time of 1s.

 The Coulomb (C) is unit of electrical charge or

quantity of electrical”.
Continued….
 Coulomb was selected as fundamental unit from
which other units were derived.

 Current is easier to measure than charge so current

is now fundamental unit whereas charge is derived
unit, defined in terms of the unit of electric
current.
Ampere (A) Definition
 “ The Constant current which when flowing in each
of two infinitely long parallel conductors 1 meter
apart exerts a force of 2×10-7 newton per meter of
length on each conductor”.
Coulomb Definition
 “The charge which passes a given point in a
conductor each second, when a current of 1 ampere
flows”.

 These definitions shows that coulomb can be

termed as ampere-second. Where as current can be
termed as coulomb per second.
 Amperes=Coulombs/Seconds

 1 Coulomb is equal to total charge carried by

6.24×1018.
EMF, Potential Difference and
Voltage
 Volt is unit of Voltage, EMF and potential
difference.
Definition of Volt
 Potential difference between two points on a
conductor carrying a constant current of 1 ampere
when the power dissipated between these points is
1 watt.
 If only one electron is moved through 1V, energy
involved is 1 electron volt(eV):
1 eV= 1/6.24×1018
 Electron volt is used in case of very small energy
levels.
Resistance and Conductance
 Ohm is unit of resistance, representated by Greek
capital letter omega.
Definition of ohm
 “The resistance which permits a current flow of 1
ampere when a potential difference of 1 volt is
applied to the resistance”.
Conductance
 Conductance is reciprocal of resistance
representated by G.
 Unit of conductance is Siemens (S).
 Previously unit of conductance was mho.

 Conductance = 1/Resistance
Inductance
 inductance is the property of an electrical
conductor by which a change in current through it
induces an electromotive force in both the
conductor itself and in any nearby conductors by
mutual inductance.
 SI unit of Inductance is Henry (H).
 “ Inductance of a circuit is 1 henry, when an emf of
1 volt is induced by the current changing at the rate
of 1 A/s.
Capacitance
 Farad (F) is the SI unit of Capacitance.
 “Farad is the capacitance of a capacitor that
contains a charge of 1 coulomb when the potential
difference between its terminal is 1 volt”.
Temperature Scales
 There are two SI temperature Scales:
1. Celsius Scale or Centigrade.
2. Kelvin Scale or Absolute.
Celsius Scale
 Has 100 equal divisions or degrees between the
freezing and boiling temperature of water.

 At normal atmospheric pressure, water freezes at 0

degree Celsius and boils at 100 degree Celsius.
Kelvin Temperature Scale
 Also known as the absolute scale, commences at
absolute zero of temperature, which corresponds to
-273.15 degree Celsius.

 So 0 degree is Celsius is equal to 273.15K and 100

degree Celsius is same as 373.15K.

 A temperature difference of 1K is same as

temperature difference of 1 degree Celsius.
Formulas
 Celsius Temperature = F -32/1.8
 Kelvin Temperature = F -32/1.8 + 273.15
 Kelvin Temperature = Celsius temperature +
273.15
Other Unit Systems
 Before SI system was adopted, CGS system using
the centimeter, gram ad seconds as fundamental
mechanical units.

 There were two CGS systems:-

1. Electrostatic System
2. Magnetic System