Lecture 3 (A) - Introduction To Movement Prepared

INTRODUCTION TO MOVEMENT
DR. ASIM AHAMD Assistant Profesor Capstone College

1
CONTENTS
1. The Body Levers
2. Forces Applied To The Body Levers
3. Types Of Movements And Posture
4. Types Of Muscle Contraction
5. Types Of Muscle Work
6. Range Of Muscle Work
7. Strength Of Muscle Contraction
8. Group Action Of Muscles
9. Pattern Of Movement
10. Timing In Movement
11. Rhythm Of Movement
12. The Nervous Control Of Movement
REF...DENA GARDINAR 8TH EDT.... 2

LOCOMOTION OR
MOVEMENT

Is a fundamental characteristic
Due to demands posted by environment
Feeling of wellness
Active participation

HUMAN MOVEMENT
SYSTEM
• Muscular
Skeletal System System
(Passive (Active
Components) Components)
• 1.Muscles
1.Bones
2.Joints

TYPES OF MOVEMENT
• PASSIVE
MOVEMENT
• ACTIVE
MOVEMENT

ACTIVE
MOVEMENT
• Which is produced
by the individual’s
own effort of
MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM.

TYPES OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTION
 Isometric (static) contraction
Tension developed within a muscle but
the muscle does not change length.
Isotonic contraction
Constant tension against a load of
resistance.

Isotonic Contractions
• The different types of strength are

related to the different types of
muscular contractions.
• Isotonic contractions occur

when using dynamic and
explosive strength. When a
contraction is isotonic,
movement is created.
Fast-paced games require isotonic contractions .

• The contracting muscle shortens and fattens.
This shortening action pulls on the bones,
causing them to move.
• Isotonic contractions are generally the

more important type of contraction for
sports people, especially games players.
They produce both speed and power.

Isometric contractions
• Isometric contractions
do not create movement
– the muscle neither
shortens nor lengthens.
produce static strength.
• This type of contraction
occurs in several
Isometric contractions occur in a
situations:
rugby scrum
To support a weight in a stationary position.
To hold the body in a particular position (e.g., in

gymnastics).
To stabilize part of the body so movement can

occur elsewhere.

TYPES OF MUSCLE
WORK
STATIC
CONCENTRIC ( TOWARDS CENTRE )
ECCENTRIC ( FROM THE CENTRE )

Types of Muscle
Contractions

Concentric Eccentric
Isometric
Concentric Eccentric Isometric

Range of Muscle Work
The full range in which a muscle works refers to

the muscle changing from a position of full stretch
and contracting to a position of maximal
shortening.

Outer Range
A position where the muscle is on full stretch to a
position halfway through the full range.
Inner Range
A position halfway through the full range to a position
where the muscle is fully shortened.
Middle Range
The portion of full range between the midpoint of the
outer range and the mid point of the inner range.

Strength of muscle
contraction
The muscle’s ability to generate tension (intra muscular
tension)
• Forces generated by muscle contraction : the
active forces generated by muscle contraction in
response to resist the external forces
• Strength of muscle contraction is made possible

by means of a system of motor units.

A motor unit
A motor unit is made up of a motor neuron
and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated
by that axon.
Groups of motor units often work together
to coordinate the contractions of a single
muscle.

Group action of muscles
In normal action a single muscle can not produce the effective
movement. Depends on the function of the muscle they are named as
Agonists
Antagonists
Synergists
Fixators

Agonists
These are chief muscles, which produce the effective movement. These groups of muscles are
called prime movers.
Antagonists
• These are the muscles, which is acting
against the agonists.

Synergists ( syn = with )
The name itself explain us the muscle acting with the
other muscle. The synergists are acting with the
agonists and making stronger the action of agonists
Fixators
• Fixators are the muscles, which fixes the
attachments of the agonists, antagonists
and synergists.

Group action of muscles

Patterns of Movement
Site and direction of movement is known as
patterns of movement
Functional movement patterns require

movement in several joint
 e.g.: mass movement

Timing of movement
Sequence of muscle contraction to produce movement
Each movement should be timed for purposeful movement
There is waste of effort when movement is too fast or too slow
Timing of functional movement usually proceed from distal to proximal

because distal areas received stimulation
e.g. : hands and feet
Effective timing is maximum efficiency of muscle contraction

Rhythm of movement
Rhythm means regular beat
E.g. inspiratory muscles and heart muscles
contract rhythmically through out the life
Rhythm of work and rest reduce the
fatigue to minimum

THE NERVOUS CONTROL OF
MOVEMENT
The motor unit is the functional unit of
the Neuromuscular system which
initiates and achieves movement in
response to a demand for activity. The
unit’s muscle fibers contract in
response to impulses discharges from
its cell (A.H.C) when it is stimulated

THE NERVOUS CONTROL OF MOVEMENT
cont.
•The A.H.C are influenced by impulses which
reach them from many sources in the C.N.S and
other parts of the body. Some of these impulses
are excitory and others inhibitory, and it is the
predominance of one or the other type at any time
which determines the effect they have on the
A.H.C.
•Voluntary Movement is initiated in response to a
conscious effort to perform the movement.
•Reflex Movement is initiated in response to a

demand made by sensory stimulation.

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INTRODUCTION TO MOVEMENT

DR. ASIM AHAMD Assistant Profesor Capstone College

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• The different types of strength are

• Isotonic contractions occur

REF...DENA GARDINAR 8TH EDT.... 10

• Isotonic contractions are generally the

REF...DENA GARDINAR 8TH EDT.... 11

To hold the body in a particular position (e.g., in

To stabilize part of the body so movement can

REF...DENA GARDINAR 8TH EDT.... 13

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Concentric Eccentric Isometric

The full range in which a muscle works refers to

REF...DENA GARDINAR 8TH EDT.... 20

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• Strength of muscle contraction is made possible

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Functional movement patterns require

 e.g.: mass movement

REF...DENA GARDINAR 8TH EDT.... 33

Sequence of muscle contraction to produce movement

Each movement should be timed for purposeful movement

There is waste of effort when movement is too fast or too slow

Timing of functional movement usually proceed from distal to proximal

e.g. : hands and feet

Effective timing is maximum efficiency of muscle contraction

REF...DENA GARDINAR 8TH EDT.... 34

REF...DENA GARDINAR 8TH EDT.... 35

REF...DENA GARDINAR 8TH EDT.... 36

•Reflex Movement is initiated in response to a

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