Integration

Introduction
The Definite Integral as a Limit of
Reimann Sums
Let f be a function defined on a closed interval [a,b]. For any
partition P of [a,b], let the numbers c
k
be chosen arbitrarily in
the subintervals [x
k-1
, x
k
].
If there exists a number I such that



Then, f is integrable on [a,b] and I is the definite integral of f
over [a,b].
I x c f
n
k
k k
P
= A

= 1 0 || ||
) (
lim
The Definite Integral
0 b b], [0,
interval over the
under area the find and
Compute
0
>
=
c
}
x y
A
x x
b
Example 1
Find the average value of
| | 3 , 0 on 1 ) (
2
= x x f
Example 2
Solution:
}

=
3
0
2
1
0 3
1
dx x avg
0 3
3
3 3
3
1
3
3
1
3
0
3
=
(

=
(

= x
x
Example 3
Calculate the area bounded by
the x-axis and the parabola
2
6 x x y =
Solution:
2
3
2
3
3 2
2
3 2
6 ) 6 (

}
(

=
x x
x dx x x
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
27
2
9
18
3
8
2 12
6
5
20 =
Example 4
2 1
2 ) (
of graph the and
axis - between x
region the of
area the Find
2 3
s s
=
x
x x x x f
12
5
3 4
) 2 (
:
0
1
2
3 4
0
1
2 3
=
(

}
x
x x
dx x x x
Solution
3
8
3 4
) 2 (
2
0
2
3 4
2
0
2 3
=
(

=

}
x
x x
dx x x x
2
units
12
37
3
8
12
5
area enclosed Total = + =
}
=
b
a
dx x g x f Area )] ( ) ( [
Example 5
Find the area
enclosed by the
parabola y=2-x
2

and the line y=-x.
Find the solution by 3 steps:

1. Sketch the curves and shade the required
area.
2. Find the limits of integration by solving
simultaneous equations.
3. Calculate the area.
Solution:
2 b and -1 a are n integratio of Limits
-2 y 2, When x
1 y -1, When x
2 , 1
0 ) 2 )( 1 (
0 2
2
and 2 Solving
2
2
2
= =
= =
= =
= =
= +
=
=
= =
x x
x x
x x
x x
x y x y
2
9

3
1
2
1
2
3
8
2
4
4
3 2
2
) 2 (
)] ( ) 2 [(
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
3 2
2
1
2
2
1
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(

+ =
+ =
=
=

}
}
}
x x
x
dx x x
dx x x
dx x g x f A
b
a
Example 6
6.
Solution:

Area A
Limits of integration are a=0, b=2.
Area B
Solving simultaneously






2 and = = x y x y
4 , 1
0 ) 4 )( 1 (
0 4 5
4 4 ) 2 (
2
2 2
= =
=
= +
+ = =
x x
x x
x x
x x x x
3
10

) 2 ( area Total
4
2
2
0
=
+ + =
} }
dx x x dx x
2) - (x - ) ( ) ( : 4 2 For
) ( ) ( : 2 0 For
4 limit hand Right
x x g x f x
x x g x f x
= s s
= s s
=
Solution:

Solving simultaneous equation of

gives roots y=-1, y=2.
Limits a=0,b=2.
2 and
2
+ = = y x y x
3
10

) 2 (
)] ( ) ( [
2
0
2
=
+ =
=
}
}
dy y y
dy y g y f A
b
a